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Fizik Tanrı’yı Gereksiz mi Kıldı? Büyük Tasarım Kitabı Üzerinden Bir Değerlendirme

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2, 201 - 224, 31.12.2018
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3354337

Öz

Bu çalışmada ünlü kozmolog Stephen Hawking ile bilim yazarı Leonard Mlodinow’un Büyük Tasarım(The Grand Design) kitabında dile getirdikleri bilimin evreni tüm unsurları ile açıklayabildiği bu nedenle evrenin var oluşunu ve hassas düzenini açıklamak için doğa üstü bir varlığa ihtiyaç duymadığı iddiası değerlendirilecektir. Bu bağlamda ilk olarak evrenin yoktan var oluşunu ve hali hazırdaki durumunu bilimsel açıklamasında temel aldıkları M-Kuramı’nın ne derece bilimsel olduğu incelenecektir. İkinci kısımda Hawking ve Mlodinow’un bilim anlayışının esas aldığı Modele Dayalı Gerçeklik anlayışı değerlendirilecektir. Ayrıca bu bölümde günümüz fiziğinde teori ve deney arasında oluşan açığın meydana getirdiği problemler üzerinde durulacaktır. Makalenin son kısmında ise konunun İslâm dini ekseninde teolojik bir değerlendirmesi yapılacak ve İslâm dini açısından ideal bir din bilim ilişkisinin nasıl olması gerektiği sorusu cevaplandırılmaya çalışılacaktır. Makalenin genel amacı ise evrenin yoktan var oluşunu açıklayabildiği iddia edilen M-Kuram’ının başta test edilebilirlik olmak üzere bilimsellik kriterlerini karşılamadığı, bu nedenle “Fizik Tanrı’yı Gereksiz Kıldı” iddiasının spekülatif bir iddia olmaktan öte bir değeri olmadığını ortaya koymaktır. 

Kaynakça

  • Alfvén, Hannes. “Cosmology: Myth or Science?”. Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy 5 (1984): 79-98.
  • Aster, Ernsts Von. İlk Çağ ve Orta Çağ Felsefe Tarihi. İstanbul: İm Publications, 2000.
  • Baez, John C. “This Week's Finds in Mathematical Physics”. Accessed: 05 September 2011. http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/week246.html. Barbour, Ian G. Religion and Science. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1997.
  • Barbour, Ian G. When Science Meets Religion. San Francisco: HarperOne, 2000.
  • Becker, Katrin. String Theory and M-Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
  • Bernal, J. D. A History of Classical Physics: From Antiquity to the Quantum. New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1972.
  • Bernal, J. D. Modern Çağ Öncesi Fizik. Trans. Deniz Yurtören. Ankara: TÜBİTAK Publications, 1995.
  • Bernal, J. D. Tarihte Bilim. Trans. Tonguç Ok. İstanbul: Evrensel, 2008.
  • Bird, Alexander. "Thomas Kuhn". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. ed. Edward N. Zalta. Accessed: 10 September 2011. http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2011/entries/thomas-kuhn/.
  • Bondi, Herman. “Astronomy and Cosmology”. What is Science. Ed. James R. Newman. 84-86. New York: Si-mon and Schuster, 1955.
  • Brumfiel, Geoff. “Higgs Hunt Enters Endgame”. Nature 479 (24 November 2011): 456-57.
  • Brunier, Serge. Majestic Universe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1999.
  • Brush, Stephen G. “How Cosmology Became a Science”. Scientific American 276/2 (August 1992): 62-70.
  • Bulğen, Mehmet. The Grand Design (Büyük Tasarım): a Book Review. Marmara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 39 (2010/2): 171-182.
  • Callender, Craig. “Stephen Hawking Says There's No Theory of Everything”. New Scientist 207/2777 (September 2010): 50-50.
  • Cannavo, Salvator. Quantum Theory: A Philosopher's Overview. New York: SUNY Press, 2010.
  • Carr, Bernard. “Black Holes, Cosmology and the Passage of Time: Three Problems at the Limits of Science”. The Philosophy of Cosmology. ed. Khalil Chamcham - Joseph Silk - John D. Barrow - Simon Saunders. 40-65. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.
  • CLI, R. “Cosmology”. The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. New Edition. Ed. Ted Honderich. 180-184. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
  • Comte, Auguste. The Positive Philosophy of Auguste Comte. Trans. Harriet Martineau. New York: Prometheus Books, 2009.
  • Curtis, Harold. Following the Cloud: A Vision of the Convergence of Science and the Church. Uitgever: BookSurge Publishing 2006.
  • Davies, Paul. “Stephen Hawking's Big Bang Gaps”. The Guardian. Accessed: 04 September 2010. http://www.guardian.co.uk /commentisfree/belief/2010/sep/04/stephen-hawking-big-bang-gap
  • Davies, Paul. Cosmic Jackpot: Why Our Universe Is Just Right for Life. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2007.
  • Disney, Michael J. “Modern Cosmology: Science or Folktale?”. American Scientist 95/1 (2007): 383-385.
  • Duff, Michael J. “The Theory Formerly Known as Strings”. Scientific American 278 (February 1998): 64-69.
  • Faruqi, Ismail R. “Islam and The Theory of Nature”. Islamic Quarterly 26/1 (1984): 16-24.
  • Flew, Antony. There is God: How The World’s Most Notorious Atheist Changed His Mind. New York: Harpercollins 2007.
  • Foley, Leo Albert. Cosmology: Philosophical and Scientific. Milwaukee: The Bruce Publishing Company, 1962.
  • Freeman, Nate. “Hawking's Book Shoots to Top of Amazon Sales After He Denies God's Existence”. Accessed: 06 September 2011. http://www.observer.com/2010/culture/hawkings-book-shoots-top-amazon-sales-after-he-denies-gods-existence
  • Garner, Dwight. “Many Kinds of Universes, and None Require God”. The New York Times. Accessed: 14 September 2011. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/08/books/08book.html
  • Gasperini, Maurizio. The Universe Before the Big Bang: Cosmology and String Theory. Berlin: Springer 2008.
  • Gilman, Larry. “String Theory”. The Gale Encyclopedia of Science. Third Edition. 6: 3868-3869. Ed. K. Lee Lerner. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2004.
  • Glashow, Sheldon Lee. “Viewpoints on String Theory: Sheldon Glashow”. accessed: 05 September 2011. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/elegant/view-glashow.html
  • Glesier, Marcelo. “Hawking and God: An Intimate Relationship”. Accessed: 10 September 2011. http://www.npr.org /blogs/13.7/2010/09/08/129736414/hawking-and-god-an-intimate-relationship
  • Gower, Barry. Scientific Method: A Historical and Philosophical Introduction. London: Routledge, 2012.
  • Green, Michael. “A Brief Description of String Theory”. The Future of Theoretical Physics and Cosmology. ed. G.W. Gibbons. 473-483. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
  • Greene, Brian. The Elegant Universe: Superstrings, Hidden Dimensions and The Quest for The Ultimate Theory. New York: Vintage Books, 2000.
  • Greenstein, George - Zajonc, Arthur G. The Quantum Challenge: Modern Research on the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics. Boston: Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2005.
  • Hawking, Stephen - Mlodinow, Leonard. The Grand Design. Germany: Bantam Press, 2010.
  • Hawking, Stephen - Penrose, Roger. The Nature of Space and Time. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2010.
  • Hawking, Stephen. “interview” Larry King Live CNN. Accessed: 14 September 2011. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9AdKEHzmqxA
  • Hawking, Stephen. A Brief History of Time. New York: Bantam Press, 1988.
  • Hawley, John F. - Holcomb, Katherine A. Foundations of Modern Cosmology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
  • Hellemans, Alexander – Bunch, Bryan. The Timetables of Science: A Chronology of the Most Important People and Events in the History of Science. USA: Simon & Schuster,1988.
  • Hodgson, Peter E. Theology and Modern Physics. Burlington: Ashgate Rub., 2005.
  • Holt, Jim. “Unstrung: In string theory, beauty is truth, truth beauty. Is that really all we need to know? The New Yorker. Accessed: 08 September 2011. http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/10/02/061002crat_atlarge?currentPage=2
  • Horgan, John. “Cosmic Clowning: Stephen Hawking's "new" theory of everything is the same old CRAP”. Accessed: 13 September 2010. https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/cross-check/cosmic-clowning-stephen-hawkings-new-theory-of-everything-is-the-same-old-crap/
  • Hume, David. Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion. Edinburg and London: William Blackwood, 1907.
  • Jeans, James. Physics and Philosophy. Whitefish: Kessinger Publishing, 2003.
  • Johnson, George. “How Is the Universe Built? Grain by Grain”. Accessed: 10 September 2011. https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/national/science/120799sci-planck-length.html
  • Kane, Gordon. Supersymmetry: Unveiling The Ultimate Laws of Nature. New York: Basic Books, 2000.
  • Kant, Immanuel. Critique of Pure Reason. trans. Werner S. Pluhar. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 1996.
  • Kosso, Peter. A Summary of Scientific Method. New York: Springer Science & Business Media, 2011.
  • Kragh, Helge. “The Controversial Universe: A Historical Perspective on the Scientific Status of Cosmology”. Physics and Philosophy 8 (2007): 1-14.
  • Kuhn, Thomas. Structure of Scientific Revolutions. 3rd edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.
  • Lachièze-Rey, Marc. Cosmology: A First Course. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1995.
  • Loewer, Barry. "Philosophy of Physics". Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Ed. Donald M. Borchert. 7: 473-478. Detroit: Macmillan Reference, 2006.
  • Long, George. Thoughts of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus. Accessed: 16 November 2010, http://www.gutenberg.org/files/15877/15877-h/15877-h.htm#viii._52
  • McGrath, Alister. “Stephen Hawking, God and the Role of Science”. ABC Religion and Ethics. Accessed: 14 Sep-tember 2010. http://www.abc.net.au/religion/articles/2010/09/14/3011163.htm
  • McMullin, Ernan. “Is Philosophy Relevant to Cosmology”. Modern Cosmology & Philosophy. ed. John Leslie. 35-56. New York: Prometheus Books, 1998.
  • Moorcock. Michael. Review”. Los Angeles Times. Accessed: 05 September 2010. http://articles.latimes.com /2010/sep/05/entertainment/la-ca-stephen-hawking-20100905
  • Munitz, Milton. Space. Time and Creation: Philosophical Aspects of Scientific Cosmology. Illinois: The Free Press, 1957.
  • Norris, Christopher. “Hawking Contra Philosophy”. Accessed: 10 September 2011. http://www.philosophynow.org/issue82/Hawking_contra_Philosophy
  • Penrose, Roger. “The Grand Design (review)”, Financial Times. Accessed: 04 September 2010. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/bdf3ae28-b6e9-11df-b3dd-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1CSIgPlwa
  • Polkinghorne, John Charlton. “Reductionism”. Interdisciplinary Encyclopedia of Religion and Science. Ac-cessed: 25 October 2010. http://www.disf.org/en/Voci/104.asp
  • Polkinghorne, John Charlton. “Cosmology: Scientific Cosmologies”. Encyclopedia of Religion. Ed. Lindsay Jones. 2: 2032-2034. Detroit: Thomson Gale 2005.
  • Popper, Karl. Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge London: Routledge, 2004.
  • R. Stoeger, William. “String Theory”. Encyclopedia of Science and Religion. ed. Wentzel Van Huyssteen. 844-845. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2003.
  • Ray, Christopher. Time, Space and Philosophy. London: Routledge 1991.
  • Renoirte, Fernand. Cosmology: Elements of A Critique of the Science and of Cosmology. trans. James F. Coffey. New York: Joseph F. Wagner Inc, 1950.
  • Roos, Matts. Introduction to Cosmology. England: John Wiley &Sons, 2003.
  • Rosenberg, Alex. Philosophy of Science; A Contemporary Introduction. Second Edition. London: Routledge, 2005.
  • Ruetsche, Laura. “String Theory”. Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2nd edition. Ed. Donald M. Borchert. 9: 267-268. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2006.
  • Sarton, George. “Euclid and His Time”. Ancient Science and Modern Civilization. 27-28. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1959.
  • Schaefer III, Henry Firitz. “The Big Bang, Stephen Hawking and God”. Science and Christianity: Conflict or Co-herence? Ed. Henry Firitz Schaefer. 45-76. USA: The Apollos Trust, 2008.
  • Scoular, Spencer. First Philosophy: The Theory of Everything. Florida: Universal Publishers, 2007.
  • Silk, Joseph. “One Theory to Rule Them All”. Science 330/6001: 179-180.
  • Silk, Joseph. On the Shores of the Unknown: A Short History of the Universe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
  • Smolin, Lee. The Trouble with Physics: The Rise of String Theory, The Fall of a Science, and What Comes Next. New York: Mariner Books, 2007.
  • Stoeger, William R. “What is 'the Universe' which Cosmology Studies?”. Fifty Years in Science and Religion: Ian G. Barbour and His Legacy. ed. Robert J. Russell. 127-145. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 2004.
  • Teresi, Dick. Lost Discoveries: The Ancient Roots of Modern Science from the Babylonians to the Maya. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002.
  • Toulmin, Stephen Edelson. The Return to Cosmology: Postmodern Science and The Theology and Nature. California: University of California Press, 1982.
  • White, James E. “Unfortunate Godmongering”. Accessed: 14 September 2011. http://www.christianity.com/blogs/jwhite/11638165/print
  • Woit, Peter. “Hawking Gives Up”. Accessed: 14 September 2011. http://www.math.columbia.edu/~woit/wordpress/?p=3141
  • Woit, Peter. “Is String Theory Testable?”. Accessed: 10 September 2011. http://www.math.columbia.edu/~woit/testable.pdf
  • Woit, Peter. “String Theory: An Evaluation”. Accessed: 10 September 2011. http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/physics/pdf/0102/0102051v1.pdf
  • Woit, Peter. Not Even Wrong: The Failure of String Theory and the Continuing Challenge to Unify the Laws of Phys-ics. New York: Basic Books, 2006.
  • Zwiebach, Barton. A First Course in String Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2004.
  • Economist, “Science and Religion: Another Ungodly Squabble”. Accessed: 5 September 2010. http://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2010/09/science_and_religion

Did Physics [Cosmology] Render God Unnecessary? A Critical Assessment of The Grand Design

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2, 201 - 224, 31.12.2018
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3354337

Öz

In this study, we will consider the claim, defended by world-renowned cosmologist Stephen Hawking and science writer Leonard Mlodinow in their book The Grand Design, that science is able to explain the universe as a whole and that therefore there is no need to appeal to a supernatural being in order to account for the coming into existence of the universe out of nothing and its fine-tuned order. In this regard, we will first analyze the extent to which M-theory is scientific. For M-theory is mainly mentioned by Hawking and Mlodinow as the theory that explains scientifically the generation of the universe out of nothing and why the universe is the way it is. In the second part, the conception of science that Hawking and Mlodinow adopt on the basis of the model dependent realism will be analyzed. Moreover, we will call attention to some problems that are rooted in the increased gap between theory and experiment in contemporary physics. In the last part of the article, we will analyze the subject matter from Islamic viewpoint in a theological manner, and hereby we will attempt to answer the question 'what is an ideal relationship between science and religion in Islamic thought'? The general aim of the article is to demonstrate that M-theory,which is believed to be able to explain the generation of the universe, does not possess the scientific criteria for testability and that the claim that "physics renders God unnecessary" has no value other than being a speculative statement.

Kaynakça

  • Alfvén, Hannes. “Cosmology: Myth or Science?”. Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy 5 (1984): 79-98.
  • Aster, Ernsts Von. İlk Çağ ve Orta Çağ Felsefe Tarihi. İstanbul: İm Publications, 2000.
  • Baez, John C. “This Week's Finds in Mathematical Physics”. Accessed: 05 September 2011. http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/week246.html. Barbour, Ian G. Religion and Science. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1997.
  • Barbour, Ian G. When Science Meets Religion. San Francisco: HarperOne, 2000.
  • Becker, Katrin. String Theory and M-Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
  • Bernal, J. D. A History of Classical Physics: From Antiquity to the Quantum. New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1972.
  • Bernal, J. D. Modern Çağ Öncesi Fizik. Trans. Deniz Yurtören. Ankara: TÜBİTAK Publications, 1995.
  • Bernal, J. D. Tarihte Bilim. Trans. Tonguç Ok. İstanbul: Evrensel, 2008.
  • Bird, Alexander. "Thomas Kuhn". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. ed. Edward N. Zalta. Accessed: 10 September 2011. http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2011/entries/thomas-kuhn/.
  • Bondi, Herman. “Astronomy and Cosmology”. What is Science. Ed. James R. Newman. 84-86. New York: Si-mon and Schuster, 1955.
  • Brumfiel, Geoff. “Higgs Hunt Enters Endgame”. Nature 479 (24 November 2011): 456-57.
  • Brunier, Serge. Majestic Universe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1999.
  • Brush, Stephen G. “How Cosmology Became a Science”. Scientific American 276/2 (August 1992): 62-70.
  • Bulğen, Mehmet. The Grand Design (Büyük Tasarım): a Book Review. Marmara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 39 (2010/2): 171-182.
  • Callender, Craig. “Stephen Hawking Says There's No Theory of Everything”. New Scientist 207/2777 (September 2010): 50-50.
  • Cannavo, Salvator. Quantum Theory: A Philosopher's Overview. New York: SUNY Press, 2010.
  • Carr, Bernard. “Black Holes, Cosmology and the Passage of Time: Three Problems at the Limits of Science”. The Philosophy of Cosmology. ed. Khalil Chamcham - Joseph Silk - John D. Barrow - Simon Saunders. 40-65. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.
  • CLI, R. “Cosmology”. The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. New Edition. Ed. Ted Honderich. 180-184. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
  • Comte, Auguste. The Positive Philosophy of Auguste Comte. Trans. Harriet Martineau. New York: Prometheus Books, 2009.
  • Curtis, Harold. Following the Cloud: A Vision of the Convergence of Science and the Church. Uitgever: BookSurge Publishing 2006.
  • Davies, Paul. “Stephen Hawking's Big Bang Gaps”. The Guardian. Accessed: 04 September 2010. http://www.guardian.co.uk /commentisfree/belief/2010/sep/04/stephen-hawking-big-bang-gap
  • Davies, Paul. Cosmic Jackpot: Why Our Universe Is Just Right for Life. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2007.
  • Disney, Michael J. “Modern Cosmology: Science or Folktale?”. American Scientist 95/1 (2007): 383-385.
  • Duff, Michael J. “The Theory Formerly Known as Strings”. Scientific American 278 (February 1998): 64-69.
  • Faruqi, Ismail R. “Islam and The Theory of Nature”. Islamic Quarterly 26/1 (1984): 16-24.
  • Flew, Antony. There is God: How The World’s Most Notorious Atheist Changed His Mind. New York: Harpercollins 2007.
  • Foley, Leo Albert. Cosmology: Philosophical and Scientific. Milwaukee: The Bruce Publishing Company, 1962.
  • Freeman, Nate. “Hawking's Book Shoots to Top of Amazon Sales After He Denies God's Existence”. Accessed: 06 September 2011. http://www.observer.com/2010/culture/hawkings-book-shoots-top-amazon-sales-after-he-denies-gods-existence
  • Garner, Dwight. “Many Kinds of Universes, and None Require God”. The New York Times. Accessed: 14 September 2011. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/08/books/08book.html
  • Gasperini, Maurizio. The Universe Before the Big Bang: Cosmology and String Theory. Berlin: Springer 2008.
  • Gilman, Larry. “String Theory”. The Gale Encyclopedia of Science. Third Edition. 6: 3868-3869. Ed. K. Lee Lerner. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2004.
  • Glashow, Sheldon Lee. “Viewpoints on String Theory: Sheldon Glashow”. accessed: 05 September 2011. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/elegant/view-glashow.html
  • Glesier, Marcelo. “Hawking and God: An Intimate Relationship”. Accessed: 10 September 2011. http://www.npr.org /blogs/13.7/2010/09/08/129736414/hawking-and-god-an-intimate-relationship
  • Gower, Barry. Scientific Method: A Historical and Philosophical Introduction. London: Routledge, 2012.
  • Green, Michael. “A Brief Description of String Theory”. The Future of Theoretical Physics and Cosmology. ed. G.W. Gibbons. 473-483. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
  • Greene, Brian. The Elegant Universe: Superstrings, Hidden Dimensions and The Quest for The Ultimate Theory. New York: Vintage Books, 2000.
  • Greenstein, George - Zajonc, Arthur G. The Quantum Challenge: Modern Research on the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics. Boston: Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2005.
  • Hawking, Stephen - Mlodinow, Leonard. The Grand Design. Germany: Bantam Press, 2010.
  • Hawking, Stephen - Penrose, Roger. The Nature of Space and Time. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2010.
  • Hawking, Stephen. “interview” Larry King Live CNN. Accessed: 14 September 2011. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9AdKEHzmqxA
  • Hawking, Stephen. A Brief History of Time. New York: Bantam Press, 1988.
  • Hawley, John F. - Holcomb, Katherine A. Foundations of Modern Cosmology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
  • Hellemans, Alexander – Bunch, Bryan. The Timetables of Science: A Chronology of the Most Important People and Events in the History of Science. USA: Simon & Schuster,1988.
  • Hodgson, Peter E. Theology and Modern Physics. Burlington: Ashgate Rub., 2005.
  • Holt, Jim. “Unstrung: In string theory, beauty is truth, truth beauty. Is that really all we need to know? The New Yorker. Accessed: 08 September 2011. http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/10/02/061002crat_atlarge?currentPage=2
  • Horgan, John. “Cosmic Clowning: Stephen Hawking's "new" theory of everything is the same old CRAP”. Accessed: 13 September 2010. https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/cross-check/cosmic-clowning-stephen-hawkings-new-theory-of-everything-is-the-same-old-crap/
  • Hume, David. Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion. Edinburg and London: William Blackwood, 1907.
  • Jeans, James. Physics and Philosophy. Whitefish: Kessinger Publishing, 2003.
  • Johnson, George. “How Is the Universe Built? Grain by Grain”. Accessed: 10 September 2011. https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/national/science/120799sci-planck-length.html
  • Kane, Gordon. Supersymmetry: Unveiling The Ultimate Laws of Nature. New York: Basic Books, 2000.
  • Kant, Immanuel. Critique of Pure Reason. trans. Werner S. Pluhar. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 1996.
  • Kosso, Peter. A Summary of Scientific Method. New York: Springer Science & Business Media, 2011.
  • Kragh, Helge. “The Controversial Universe: A Historical Perspective on the Scientific Status of Cosmology”. Physics and Philosophy 8 (2007): 1-14.
  • Kuhn, Thomas. Structure of Scientific Revolutions. 3rd edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.
  • Lachièze-Rey, Marc. Cosmology: A First Course. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1995.
  • Loewer, Barry. "Philosophy of Physics". Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Ed. Donald M. Borchert. 7: 473-478. Detroit: Macmillan Reference, 2006.
  • Long, George. Thoughts of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus. Accessed: 16 November 2010, http://www.gutenberg.org/files/15877/15877-h/15877-h.htm#viii._52
  • McGrath, Alister. “Stephen Hawking, God and the Role of Science”. ABC Religion and Ethics. Accessed: 14 Sep-tember 2010. http://www.abc.net.au/religion/articles/2010/09/14/3011163.htm
  • McMullin, Ernan. “Is Philosophy Relevant to Cosmology”. Modern Cosmology & Philosophy. ed. John Leslie. 35-56. New York: Prometheus Books, 1998.
  • Moorcock. Michael. Review”. Los Angeles Times. Accessed: 05 September 2010. http://articles.latimes.com /2010/sep/05/entertainment/la-ca-stephen-hawking-20100905
  • Munitz, Milton. Space. Time and Creation: Philosophical Aspects of Scientific Cosmology. Illinois: The Free Press, 1957.
  • Norris, Christopher. “Hawking Contra Philosophy”. Accessed: 10 September 2011. http://www.philosophynow.org/issue82/Hawking_contra_Philosophy
  • Penrose, Roger. “The Grand Design (review)”, Financial Times. Accessed: 04 September 2010. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/bdf3ae28-b6e9-11df-b3dd-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1CSIgPlwa
  • Polkinghorne, John Charlton. “Reductionism”. Interdisciplinary Encyclopedia of Religion and Science. Ac-cessed: 25 October 2010. http://www.disf.org/en/Voci/104.asp
  • Polkinghorne, John Charlton. “Cosmology: Scientific Cosmologies”. Encyclopedia of Religion. Ed. Lindsay Jones. 2: 2032-2034. Detroit: Thomson Gale 2005.
  • Popper, Karl. Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge London: Routledge, 2004.
  • R. Stoeger, William. “String Theory”. Encyclopedia of Science and Religion. ed. Wentzel Van Huyssteen. 844-845. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2003.
  • Ray, Christopher. Time, Space and Philosophy. London: Routledge 1991.
  • Renoirte, Fernand. Cosmology: Elements of A Critique of the Science and of Cosmology. trans. James F. Coffey. New York: Joseph F. Wagner Inc, 1950.
  • Roos, Matts. Introduction to Cosmology. England: John Wiley &Sons, 2003.
  • Rosenberg, Alex. Philosophy of Science; A Contemporary Introduction. Second Edition. London: Routledge, 2005.
  • Ruetsche, Laura. “String Theory”. Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2nd edition. Ed. Donald M. Borchert. 9: 267-268. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2006.
  • Sarton, George. “Euclid and His Time”. Ancient Science and Modern Civilization. 27-28. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1959.
  • Schaefer III, Henry Firitz. “The Big Bang, Stephen Hawking and God”. Science and Christianity: Conflict or Co-herence? Ed. Henry Firitz Schaefer. 45-76. USA: The Apollos Trust, 2008.
  • Scoular, Spencer. First Philosophy: The Theory of Everything. Florida: Universal Publishers, 2007.
  • Silk, Joseph. “One Theory to Rule Them All”. Science 330/6001: 179-180.
  • Silk, Joseph. On the Shores of the Unknown: A Short History of the Universe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
  • Smolin, Lee. The Trouble with Physics: The Rise of String Theory, The Fall of a Science, and What Comes Next. New York: Mariner Books, 2007.
  • Stoeger, William R. “What is 'the Universe' which Cosmology Studies?”. Fifty Years in Science and Religion: Ian G. Barbour and His Legacy. ed. Robert J. Russell. 127-145. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 2004.
  • Teresi, Dick. Lost Discoveries: The Ancient Roots of Modern Science from the Babylonians to the Maya. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002.
  • Toulmin, Stephen Edelson. The Return to Cosmology: Postmodern Science and The Theology and Nature. California: University of California Press, 1982.
  • White, James E. “Unfortunate Godmongering”. Accessed: 14 September 2011. http://www.christianity.com/blogs/jwhite/11638165/print
  • Woit, Peter. “Hawking Gives Up”. Accessed: 14 September 2011. http://www.math.columbia.edu/~woit/wordpress/?p=3141
  • Woit, Peter. “Is String Theory Testable?”. Accessed: 10 September 2011. http://www.math.columbia.edu/~woit/testable.pdf
  • Woit, Peter. “String Theory: An Evaluation”. Accessed: 10 September 2011. http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/physics/pdf/0102/0102051v1.pdf
  • Woit, Peter. Not Even Wrong: The Failure of String Theory and the Continuing Challenge to Unify the Laws of Phys-ics. New York: Basic Books, 2006.
  • Zwiebach, Barton. A First Course in String Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2004.
  • Economist, “Science and Religion: Another Ungodly Squabble”. Accessed: 5 September 2010. http://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2010/09/science_and_religion
Toplam 88 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Din Araştırmaları
Bölüm Çeviri
Yazarlar

Mehmet Bulğen 0000-0002-2372-471X

Çevirmenler

Mehmet Bulğen Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2018
Gönderilme Tarihi 14 Ekim 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Bulğen, Mehmet. “Did Physics [Cosmology] Render God Unnecessary? A Critical Assessment of The Grand Design”. ULUM. Mehmet BulğenTrc 1/2 (Aralık 2018), 201-224. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3354337.