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ORTADOĞU'DA DİN OLGUSUNUN ASİMETRİK İZDÜŞÜMLERİ

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 2, 1 - 19, 19.08.2023

Öz

Sosyolojik analizde Tanrı'nın aşkınlığı insana özgü bir içkinlikle anlam kazanmaktadır. Gerçekliğin kendisi -hakikatin yasalarını- duyum ve anlamlar yoluyla insanın varoluşunda güvenilir kılmaktadır. Din; gerçekliğin bilincinden farklı inanç nesnesinde, toplumsal hayatın zihin durumuna ilişkin ayırt edici temel aksiyomları –şüphecilik üzerinden değil- fenomenolojik olarak sunmaktadır. Bir dinin, gerçekliğin doğasıyla ilgili bilişsel pratiklerinin özü, insanın varoluş alanının tasavvurudur. Özne ve nesne arasındaki diyalektik süreç gerçeklik düzleminde devam ettiği müddetçe, dinin içsel ve dışsal yansımaları tarihin hafızasında yer tutmaya devam edecektir. Kavramların anlamlı kılınması -soyut mantıksal statü değil- verili durumlarda- insanların davranışına yön veren dinsel ideolojilerin betimlemeleri olmasıdır. Dinsel deneyim, inananların yaşadığı dünyada; kültürel boşlukları kapatan, insanın sağduyu dünyasındaki özgün değişim kavrayışlarını ritüelleştiren sembolik eylemlerdir. Dinsel semboller; bilişsel açıdan kimlik ve doğruluk kazandığı alana, belirli bir dinin antropolojik kavrayışına ve tarihsel karakterine tanım getirme çabasının ögeleridir. İnanç; son tahlilde, hiçbir ihtirasın sarsamayacağı iç huzuru, bireyin içindeki denetlenemez ahlakçılığın taleplerini, özel bir samimiyet dininin hakikat alanını belirlemektedir. Makalemde –din olgusunun gerçekliğinden hareketle- Ortadoğu coğrafyasının tarihsel ve kültürel zenginliğine vurgu yapılarak, siyasal aktörlerin bölgesel güç mücadelesinde, toplumsal paradigmayı etkileyen dinsel yönelim ve unsurların etkisi incelenecektir.

Kaynakça

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ASYMMETRIC PROJECTIONS OF THE PHENOMENON OF RELIGION IN THE MIDDLE EAST

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 2, 1 - 19, 19.08.2023

Öz

In sociological analysis, God's transcendence gains meaning with a human-specific intuition. Reality itself makes the laws of truth reliable in human existence through sensations and meanings. Religion, not through skepticism, presents the distinctive basic axioms about the state of mind of social life phenomenologically in the object of belief different from the consciousness of reality. The envisioning of human existence is the core of a religion's cognitive practices regarding the nature of reality. As long as the dialectical process between the subject and the object continues at the level of reality, the internal and external reflections of religion will continue to take place in the memory of history. Making concepts meaningful is not abstract logical status in given situations, but rather the representations of religious ideologies that guide people's behavior. Religious experience is symbolic actions that ritualize people's original conceptions of change in the common sense world and close cultural gaps in the world where believers live. Religious symbols are the elements of an effort to define the anthropological understanding and historical character of a particular religion, the area in which it gains cognitive identity and accuracy. In the final analysis, faith determines the demands of uncontrollable moralism within the individual, the truth field of a special religion of sincerity, and the inner peace that no passion can shake. In my article, by emphasizing the historical and cultural richness of the Middle East geography, the effect of religious orientations and elements that affect the social paradigm in the regional power struggle of political actors will be examined based on the reality of the phenomenon of religion.

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  • Jervis, R. (2016). Understanding the Bush Doctrine: Preventive Wars and Regime Change. Political Science Quarterly (Wiley-Blackwell), 131(2), 285-311.
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  • Lu, L., & Thies, C. G. (2013). War, Rivalry, and State Building in the Middle East. Political Research Quarterly, 66(2), 239–253.
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  • Lundskow, G. N. (2008). The Sociology of Religion: A Substantive and Transdisciplinary Approach. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications, Inc.
  • Lynch, G. (2014). On the Sacred. London: Routledge.
  • Macdonald, H. (2001). Geopolitics in the Middle East. Geopolitics, 6(3), 177-185.
  • MacNair, R. M. (2007). Killing as trauma: The religious implications of perpetration-induced traumatic stress. In R. L. Piedmont, & D. O. Moberg (Eds.), Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion (pp. 17-39). Leiden: Brill.
  • Maddy-Weitzman, B. (2000). Why Did Arab Monarchies Fall? An Analysis of Old and New Explanations. In J. Kostiner (Ed.), Middle East Monarchies: The Challenge of Modernity (pp. 37-52). Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  • Madsen, R. (2012). What Is Religion? Categorical Reconfigurations in a Global Horizon. In P. S. Gorski, D. K. Kim, J. Torpey, & J. VanAntwerpen (Eds.), The Post-Secular in Question: Religion in Contemporary Society (pp. 19-29). [Brooklyn, N.Y.]: NYU Press.
  • Marchadour, A., Neuhaus, D., & Martini, C. C. M. (2006). The Land, the Bible, and History: Toward the Land That I Will Show You. New York: Fordham University Press.
  • Martin, O. (2015). Bound for the Promised Land. Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press.
  • Martin, R. (2012). Will Many Be Saved?: What Vatican II Actually Teaches and Its Implications for the New Evangelization. Grand Rapids, Mich: Eerdmans.
  • Masalha, N. (2014). The Zionist Bible: Biblical Precedent, Colonialism and the Erasure of Memory. London: Routledge.
  • McLennan, G. (2010). Spaces of Postsecularism. In A. L. Molendijk, J. Beaumont, & C. Jedan (Eds.), Exploring the Postsecular: The Religious, the Political and the Urban (pp. 41-62). Leiden: Brill.
  • McMurray, D. A., & Ufheil-Somers, A. (2013). The Arab Revolts: Dispatches on Militant Democracy in the Middle East. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • Meyer, D. (2012). Witness Essentials: Evangelism That Makes Disciples. Downers Grove, Ill: IVP Connect.
  • Neumann, R. E. (2017). America's War for the Greater Middle East: A Military History. Middle East Policy, 24(2), 160-166.
  • Oliver, P. (2012). New Religious Movements: A Guide for the Perplexed. London: Continuum.
  • Ovendale, R. (2013). The Origins of the Arab Israeli Wars (Vol. Fourth edition). Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
  • Overall, C. (2012). Indirect Indoctrination, Internalized Religion, and Parental Responsibility. In P. Caws, & S. Jones (Eds.), Religious Upbringing and the Costs of Freedom: Personal and Philosophical Essays (pp. 11-26). University Park, Pa: Penn State University Press.
  • Pagitt, D. (2014). Evangelism in the Inventive Age. Nashville, TN: Abingdon Press.
  • Panayiotides, N. (2015). The Islamic State and the Redistribution of Power in the Middle East. International Journal on World Peace, 32(3), 11-24.
  • Patke, R. S. (2013). Modernist Literature and Postcolonial Studies. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  • Richter, A. (2001). Avoiding Armageddon. Vancouver: UBC Press.
  • Riley, N. S. (2014). Got Religion?: How Churches, Mosques, and Synagogues Can Bring Young People Back. West Conshohocken, PA: Templeton Press.
  • Rives, J. B. (2011). Roman Translation: Tacitus and Ethnographic Interpretation. In P. A. Harland (Ed.), Travel and Religion in Antiquity (pp. 107-117). Waterloo, Ont: Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
  • Rosario, T. C.-D., & Dorsey, J. M. (2013). Comparative Protest Spaces in Asia and the Middle East. Air & Space Power Journal: Afrique et Francophonie, 4(4), 80–96.
  • Rosman, D. M. (2012). Evangelicals and Culture (Vol. 2nd ed). Cambridge, U.K.: James Clarke & Co.
  • Ross, S. (2010). Understand the Middle East (since 1945). London: Hodder Education.
  • Salem Press. (2014). Sociology Reference Guide. Pasadena, Calif: Salem Press.
  • Sayigh, Y. (2005). US and European support to democratic reform: The intentions and practices as seen from the Middle East. In B. Rahbek (Ed.), Democratisation in the Middle East: Dilemmas and Perspectives (pp. 41-58). Aarhus: Aarhus University Press.
  • Schayegh, C. (2015). Three Questions for Historians of Science in the Modern Middle East and North Africa. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 47(3), 588-591.
  • Schwarz, R. (2011). War and State Building in the Middle East. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
  • Scott-Baumann, M. (2009). Crisis in the Middle East: Israel and the Arab States 1945-2007. London: Hodder Education Group.
  • Shakow, A. (2010). "Oriental Plague" in the Middle Eastern Landscape: A Cautionary Tale. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 42(4), 660–662.
  • Sharkansky, I. (Ed.). (2005). Governing Israel: Chosen People, Promised Land and Prophetic Tradition. London: Routledge.
  • Sharot, S. (2001). A Comparative Sociology of World Religions: Virtuosi, Priests, and Popular Religion. New York: NYU Press.
  • Simonsen, J. B. (2005). Youth and Youth Culture in the Contemporary Middle East. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press.
  • Smart, N. (2015). The Science of Religion and the Sociology of Knowledge: Some Methodological Questions. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Smidt, C. E. (2013). American Evangelicals Today. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
  • Smith, S. D. (2012). The Phases and Functions of Freedom of Conscience. In J. Witte, & M. C. Green (Eds.), Religion and Human Rights: An Introduction (pp. 155-169). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Sorenson, D. S. (2009). An Introduction to the Modern Middle East: History, Religion, Political Economy, Politics. Boulder, CO: Westviewpass Press.
  • Spangler, E. (2015). Understanding Israel/Palestine: Race, Nation, and Human Rights in the Conflict. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers.
  • Spruyt, H. (2014). Territorial Concessions, Domestic Politics, and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. In M. F. Elman, O. Haklai, & H. Spruyt (Eds.), Democracy and Conflict Resolution: The Dilemmas of Israel's Peacemaking (Vol. First edition) (pp. 29-66). Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press.
  • Stein, E. (2014). Intellectuals and Political Change in the Modern Middle East and North Africa, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 41(1), 1-7.
  • Stephanous, A. Z. (2010). Political Islam, Citizenship, and Minorities: The Future of Arab Christians in the Islamic Middle East. Lanham: UPA.
  • Stephens, R. J., & Giberson, K. (2011). The Anointed: Evangelical Truth in a Secular Age. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
  • Stih, P. (2010). The Middle Ages Between the Eastern Alps and the Northern Adriatic: Select Papers on Slovene Historiography and Medieval History. Leiden: Brill.
  • Stocker, J. R. (2015). Fulbright's Middle East: A Senator's Influence on American Foreign Policy. DOMES: Digest of Middle East Studies, 24(1), 47-73.
  • Susser, A. (2014). Israel's Place in a Changing Regional Order (1948–2013). Israel Studies, 19(2), 218-238.
  • Swenson, D. (2009). Society, Spirituality, and the Sacred: A Social Scientific Introduction (Vol. 2nd ed). Toronto, Ont: University of Toronto Press, Higher Education Division.
  • Teasdale, M. R., & Campbell, T. (2014). Methodist Evangelism, American Salvation: The Home Missions of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 1860- 1920. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock Publishers.
  • Tessler, M. A. (2015). Islam and Politics in the Middle East: Explaining the Views of Ordinary Citizens. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • Theros, P. N. (2015). Facing Reality in the Middle East: Understanding Why the Islamic State Is Winning and What to Do about It. Mediterranean Quarterly, 26(4), 69-88.
  • Thiessen, E. J. (2011). The Ethics of Evangelism. Milton Keynes: Paternoster.
  • Tremayne, S. (2017). Introduction: Emerging Kinship in a Changing Middle East. Anthropology of the Middle East, 12(2), 1-7.
  • Turnbull, R. D. (2012). A Passionate Faith: What Makes an Evangelical? Oxford: Monarch Books.
  • Turner, J. G. (2008). Bill Bright and Campus Crusade for Christ: The Renewal of Evangelicalism in Postwar America. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press.
  • Urban, M. (2012). Theodicy of Culture and the Jewish Ethos: David Koigen’s Contribution to the Sociology of Religion. Berlin: De Gruyter.
  • Vance, J. (2014). Secrets: Humanism, Mysticism, and Evangelism in Erasmus of Rotterdam, Bishop Guillaume Briçonnet, and Marguerite De Navarre. Boston: Brill.
  • Vreugd, K. (2018). The Land and the Zionist State of Israel. In H. J. Koorevaar & M. Paul (Eds.), The Earth and the Land: Studies about the Value of the Land of Israel in the Old Testament and Afterwards (pp. 345-376). Berlin: Peter Lang GmbH.
  • Warner, R. (2010). Secularization and Its Discontents. London: Continuum.
  • Wasserstein, B. (2008). Israelis and Palestinians: Why Do They Fight? Can They Stop? (Vol. 3rd ed). New Haven [Conn.]: Yale University Press.
  • Waterman, A. J. (2016). Diabolical Enterprises and Abominable Superstitions: Islam and the Conceptualization of Finance in Early American Literature. In A. Lubin & M. M. Kraidy (Eds.), American Studies Encounters the Middle East (pp. 31-59). [N.p]: The University of North Carolina Press.
  • Watton, V. W. (2010). Religion and Society (Vol. 3rd ed). London: Hodder Education.
  • Weitz, L. (2017). Slavery and the Historiography of Non-Muslims in the Medieval Middle East. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 49(1), 139-142.
  • White, A. (2011). Faith Under Fire: What the Middle East Conflict Has Taught Me About God. Oxford: Lion Hudson Plc.
  • Wilford, J. G. (2012). Sacred Subdivisions: The Postsuburban Transformation of American Evangelicalism. New York: NYU Press.
  • Wolterstorff, N. (2012). "The Authorities Are God's Servants": Is a Theistic Account of Political Authority Still Viable or Have Humanist Accounts Won the Day? In K. L. Grasso, & C. R. Castillo (Eds.), Theology and Public Philosophy: Four Conversations (pp. 47-56). Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books.
  • Wuthnow, R. (2012). The God Problem: Expressing Faith and Being Reasonable. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Yeager, J. M. (2013). Early Evangelicalism: A Reader. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Zuckerman, P. (2003). Invitation to the Sociology of Religion. New York: Routledge.
Toplam 206 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Dini Araştırmalar (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Ahmed Hamza Alpay 0000-0002-8781-6939

Yayımlanma Tarihi 19 Ağustos 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 14 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Alpay, A. H. (2023). ORTADOĞU’DA DİN OLGUSUNUN ASİMETRİK İZDÜŞÜMLERİ. Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 14(2), 1-19.