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Çağdaş İran'da Şiî İmamet Kavramı ve Liderlik: Dinî Modernistlerin Görüşleri

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2, 338 - 356, 31.12.2019

Öz

İmamet On İki İmam Şiiliğinin en önemli esaslarından
biridir. Bununla birlikte, son yıllarda anlamı
modernistler tarafından büyük ölçüde tartışılmaktadır. Bu makalede, İranlı
modernistlerin geleneksel görüşün aksine İmamet kavramı üzerindeki konumları
açıklanmaktadır. Ayrıca bu çalışma, İmamet kavramının bir uygulaması olarak,
modernistlerin çağdaş İran’da pratikte var olan Velâyet-i Fakîh (Fakihin
Vasiliği) teorisi hakkındaki önemli eleştirilerini de sunmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Abdo, G. & Montazeri, AHA. “Re-thinking the Islamic Republic: A “conversation” with Ayatollah Hossein Ali Montazeri”. Middle East Journal 55/1 (2001), 9–24.
  • Akhavi, S. “The thought and role of Ayatollah Hossein’ali Montazeri in the politics of post-1979 Iran”. Iranian Studies 41/5 (2008), 645–666.
  • Arjomand, S. Traditionalism in twentieth-century Iran. In: Arjomand SA (ed.) From Nationalism to Revolutionary Islam. London: Social Science Research Council, 1984.
  • Arjomand, S. The reform movement and the debate on modernity and tradition in contemporary Iran. International Journal of Middle East Studies 34/4 (2002), 719–731.
  • Bahar, S. (1992) Khomeinism, “the Islamic Republic of Iran, and International Law: the relevance of Islamic political ideology.” Harvard International Law Journal 33(1).
  • Bazargan, M. “Akherat va Khoda, Hadaf-e Be’sat-e Anbia”. Kiyan 28 (1374/1996), 46–61.
  • Bazargan, M. Rah-e Tey-Shode. In: Bazargan M (ed.) Majmo’e-ye Asar. 1 Cilt. Tehran: Qalam, (1377/1998).
  • Bazargan, M. (1378/1999) Be’sat va Takamol. In: Bazargan M (ed.) Majmoe’-ye Asar. 2 Cilt. Tehran: Qalam.
  • Enayat, H. Modern Islamic Political Thought: the Response of the Shi’i and Sunni Muslims to the Twentieth Century. London: IB Tauris, 2. Baskı, 2005.
  • Ghamari-Tabrizi, B. “Contentious public religion: two conceptions of Islam in revolutionary Iran (Ali Shari’ati and AbdolKarim Soroush).” International Sociology 19/4 (2004), 504–523.
  • Ghamari-Tabrizi, B. Islam and Dissent in Postrevolutionary Iran: AbdolKarim Soroush, Religious Politics and Democratic Reform. London: IB Tauris, 2008.Ha’eri-Yazdi, A. Hekmat va Hokumat. London: 1994.
  • Hashemi, N. Rethinking the Relationship between Religion, Secularism and Liberal Democracy: Toward a Democratic Theory for Muslim Societies. Toronto: Department of Political Science, University of Toronto, 2005.
  • Kadivar, M. Hukoumat-e Vela’i. Tehran: Nashr-e Ney, 1377/1998.
  • Kadivar, M. “Velayat-e Faqih and Democracy” (Published on the Internet) (2002). Retrieved November 30, 2010, from Official Website of Mohsen Kadivar: http://www.kadivar.com/Index.asp.
  • Kadivar, M.. “Rethinking the Theory of Imamate According to Imam Husayn’s Movement” (Published on the Internet in Persian) (1384/2006). Retrieved November 28, 2010, from Official website of Mohsen Kadivar: http://www.kadivar.com/Index.Asp?CGID¼3&StartDate¼3/21/2005&EndDate¼3/20/2006&AC¼1&AF¼1&ASB¼1&AGM¼1&AL¼1&DT¼DLY.
  • Kadivar, M. (1385/2006) “The Forgotten Reading; reviewing the theory of ‘ulama’ abrar; the earliest perception of Shi’i Islam from the principle of Imamate” (Published on the Internet in Persian). Retrieved November 18, 2010, from Official Website of Mohsen Kadivar: http://www.kadivar.com/Index.asp?CGId¼4&CPId¼0&AC¼1&AF¼1&ASB¼1&AGM¼1&AL¼1&DT¼dlv.
  • Kadivar, M. & Qaderi, H. “Democracy va Andishe-ye Shi’a [Democracy and Shi’a thought” (in Persan)]. Baztab-e Andishe 45 (1382/2003), 714–724.
  • Kamrava, M. “Iranian Shi’ism under debate.” Middle East Policy 10/2 (2003), 102–112.
  • Kamrava, M. Iran’s Intellectual Revolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
  • Masud, MK. & Salvatore, A. & van Bruinessen, M. Islam and Modernity: Key Issues and Debates. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2009.
  • Modarressi, H. Crisis and Consolidation in the Formative Period of Shi’ite Islam: Abu Ja’far ibn Qiba al-Razi and his contribution to imamite Shi’ite thought. Princeton: Darwin Press, 1993.
  • Moin, B. Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah. London: IB Tauris, 2009.
  • Mojtahed-Shabestari, M. Hermonotik, Ketab, va Sonat. Tehran: Tarh-e No, 1377/1998.
  • Montazeri, A. “Democracy and Constitution” (Published on the Internet) (2000). Retrieved November 30, 2010, from Official Website of Ayatollah Montazeri: http://www.amontazeri.com/english/Hokoomat.pdf.
  • Montazeri, A. “Ayatollah Montazeri’s response to the questions of Dr Kadivar” (Published on the Internet in Persian) (2009). Retrieved November 30, 2010, from Official Website of Ayatollah Montazeri: http://www.amontazeri.com/farsi/fhome.asp.
  • Montazeri, AH. Resaleh-ye Hoqouq. Qom: Arqavan-e Danesh, 1385/2006.
  • Nasr, SV. The Shia Revival: How Conflicts within Islam will Shape the Future. New York: WW Norton, 2006. Tafsil va Tahlil-e Velayat-e Motlaqe-ye Faqih [Analysis of the theory of Velayat-e Motlaqe-ye Faqih. Tehran: Nehzat-e Azadi-ye Iran, 1367/1988.
  • Rahimi, B. Ayatollah Sistani and the Democratization of Post-Ba’athist Iraq. Washington: United States Institute of Peace, 2007.
  • Rahimi, B. The Discourse of Democracy in Shi’i Islamic Jurisprudence: The Two Cases of Montazeri and Sistani. The Mediterranean Programme Series. 2008.
  • Rahman, F. Islam and Modernity: Transformation of an Intellectual Tradition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982.
  • Rajaee, F. Islamism and Modernism: the Changing Discourse in Iran. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2007.
  • Sadri, M. “Sacral defense of Secularism: the political theologies of Soroush, Shabestari, and Kadivar.” International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society 15/2 (2001), 257–270.
  • Salehi-Najafabadi, A. Velayat-e Faqih, Hokoumat-e Salehan. Tehran: Rasa, 1367/1988.
  • Salehi-Najafabadi, A. Asaye Mosa, ya Darman-e Bimari-ye Qolov. Tehran: Omid-e Farda, 1380/2001.
  • Salehi-Najafabadi, A. Majmoo’e-ye Maqalat-e Siyasi, Tarikhi, Ejtema’ee. Tehran: Omid-e Farda, 1382/2003.
  • Shariati, A. Tashayyyo’e Alavi va Tashayyyo’e Safavai. Tehran: ts..
  • Siegel, E. The politics of Shahid-e Javid. In: Brunner R (ed.) The Twelver Shia in Modern Times: Religious Culture and Political History. Leiden: Brill, 2001.
  • Sobhani, M. “Daramadi bar jaryan shenasi andishe ye ejtema’ee ye dini dar Iran e mo’aser, bakhsh e 1”. Fasl nameh ye Naqd va Nazar. 43, 44 (1385/2007), 279–311.
  • Sobhani, M. “Daramadi bar jaryan shenasi andishe ye ejtema’ee ye dini dar Iran e mo’aser, bakhsh e 2”. Fasl nameh ye Naqd va Nazar. 45, 46 (1386/2008), 218–282.
  • Soroush, A. Farbeh Tar Az Ideology. Tehran: Serat, 1372/1993.
  • Soroush, A. “Tahlil-e Mafhum-e Hukumat-e Dini”. Kiyan, 32 (1375/1996), 2–13.
  • Soroush, A. Bast-e Tajrobeh-ye Nabavi. Tehran: Serat, 1378/1999.
  • Soroush, A. “The Saviour and Religious Revival” (Published on the Internet) (2002). Retrieved November 28, 2010, from Official Website of AbdolKarim Soroush: http://www.drsoroush.com/English/By_DrSoroush/E-CMB-TheSaviourAndReligiousRevival.html.
  • Soroush, A. “New Scientist interview with AbdolKarim Soroush” (Published on the Internet) (2003). Retrieved November 25, 2010, from Official website of Abdulkarim Soroush: http://www.drsoroush.com/English/Interviews/E-INT-20030600-Come_the_revolution-New-Scientist_Interview_with_AbdolKarim_Soroush.html.
  • Soroush, A. “Tashayyo’ va Chalesh-e Mardomsalari” (1384/2005a). Retrieved November 28, 2010, from Official Website of AbdolKarim Soroush: http://www.drsoroush.com/Persian/News_Archive/P-NWS-1384-05-10-LectureInParis.html.
  • Soroush, A. “Soroush’s response to the criticisms of Bahmanpoor, Part 1” (Published on the Internet in Persian) (1384/2005b). Retrieved November 28, 2010, from Official Website of AbdolKarim Soroush: http://www.drsoroush.com/Persian/By_DrSoroush/P-CMB-13830601-SoroushToBahmanpur.html.
  • Soroush, A. “Sonnat-e Roshanfekri-ye Dini”. Madrese, 5 (1385/2006).
  • Soroush, A. “An interview with AbdolKarim Soroush” (Published on the Internet in Persian) (2009, December 8). Retrieved December 2, 2010, from BBC Persian: http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/iran/2009/12/091207_ag_ef_ebarate_digar_soroush.shtml.
  • Soroush, A. “The Current Iranian System Rests on Obedience not Human Rights” (Published on the Internet) (2010, March). Retrieved December 2, 2010, from Official Website of AbdolKarim Soroush: http://www.drsoroush.com/English.htm.
  • Tabatabai, MH. Shi’a (çev. SH Nasr). Albany: State University of New York Press, 2. Baskı, 1977.
  • Yousefi-Eshkevari, H. Reformist Islam and modern society. In: Mir-Hosseini Z, Tapper R (eds) Islam and Democracy in Iran: Eshkevari and the Quest for Reform. London: IB Tauris, 2006a.
  • Yousefi-Eshkevari, H. Islamic democratic government. In: Mir-Hosseini Z, Tapper R (eds) Islam and Democracy in Iran: Eshkevari and the Quest for Reform. London: IB Tauris, 2006b.

The Shi’i Concept of Imamate and Leadership in Contemporary Iran: The Case of Religious Modernists

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2, 338 - 356, 31.12.2019

Öz

The Imamate is one of the most important pillars in
Twelver Shi’ism. However, its meaning has been greatly debated by religious
modernists in recent years. In this article, the Iranian religious modernists’
position on the concept of the Imamate, in contrast to the traditional view, is
expounded. In addition, this work presents the major critical remarks of the
religious modernists on the theory of Velayat-e Faqih, as an implementation of
the concept of Imamate, which is in practice in contemporary Iran.

Kaynakça

  • Abdo, G. & Montazeri, AHA. “Re-thinking the Islamic Republic: A “conversation” with Ayatollah Hossein Ali Montazeri”. Middle East Journal 55/1 (2001), 9–24.
  • Akhavi, S. “The thought and role of Ayatollah Hossein’ali Montazeri in the politics of post-1979 Iran”. Iranian Studies 41/5 (2008), 645–666.
  • Arjomand, S. Traditionalism in twentieth-century Iran. In: Arjomand SA (ed.) From Nationalism to Revolutionary Islam. London: Social Science Research Council, 1984.
  • Arjomand, S. The reform movement and the debate on modernity and tradition in contemporary Iran. International Journal of Middle East Studies 34/4 (2002), 719–731.
  • Bahar, S. (1992) Khomeinism, “the Islamic Republic of Iran, and International Law: the relevance of Islamic political ideology.” Harvard International Law Journal 33(1).
  • Bazargan, M. “Akherat va Khoda, Hadaf-e Be’sat-e Anbia”. Kiyan 28 (1374/1996), 46–61.
  • Bazargan, M. Rah-e Tey-Shode. In: Bazargan M (ed.) Majmo’e-ye Asar. 1 Cilt. Tehran: Qalam, (1377/1998).
  • Bazargan, M. (1378/1999) Be’sat va Takamol. In: Bazargan M (ed.) Majmoe’-ye Asar. 2 Cilt. Tehran: Qalam.
  • Enayat, H. Modern Islamic Political Thought: the Response of the Shi’i and Sunni Muslims to the Twentieth Century. London: IB Tauris, 2. Baskı, 2005.
  • Ghamari-Tabrizi, B. “Contentious public religion: two conceptions of Islam in revolutionary Iran (Ali Shari’ati and AbdolKarim Soroush).” International Sociology 19/4 (2004), 504–523.
  • Ghamari-Tabrizi, B. Islam and Dissent in Postrevolutionary Iran: AbdolKarim Soroush, Religious Politics and Democratic Reform. London: IB Tauris, 2008.Ha’eri-Yazdi, A. Hekmat va Hokumat. London: 1994.
  • Hashemi, N. Rethinking the Relationship between Religion, Secularism and Liberal Democracy: Toward a Democratic Theory for Muslim Societies. Toronto: Department of Political Science, University of Toronto, 2005.
  • Kadivar, M. Hukoumat-e Vela’i. Tehran: Nashr-e Ney, 1377/1998.
  • Kadivar, M. “Velayat-e Faqih and Democracy” (Published on the Internet) (2002). Retrieved November 30, 2010, from Official Website of Mohsen Kadivar: http://www.kadivar.com/Index.asp.
  • Kadivar, M.. “Rethinking the Theory of Imamate According to Imam Husayn’s Movement” (Published on the Internet in Persian) (1384/2006). Retrieved November 28, 2010, from Official website of Mohsen Kadivar: http://www.kadivar.com/Index.Asp?CGID¼3&StartDate¼3/21/2005&EndDate¼3/20/2006&AC¼1&AF¼1&ASB¼1&AGM¼1&AL¼1&DT¼DLY.
  • Kadivar, M. (1385/2006) “The Forgotten Reading; reviewing the theory of ‘ulama’ abrar; the earliest perception of Shi’i Islam from the principle of Imamate” (Published on the Internet in Persian). Retrieved November 18, 2010, from Official Website of Mohsen Kadivar: http://www.kadivar.com/Index.asp?CGId¼4&CPId¼0&AC¼1&AF¼1&ASB¼1&AGM¼1&AL¼1&DT¼dlv.
  • Kadivar, M. & Qaderi, H. “Democracy va Andishe-ye Shi’a [Democracy and Shi’a thought” (in Persan)]. Baztab-e Andishe 45 (1382/2003), 714–724.
  • Kamrava, M. “Iranian Shi’ism under debate.” Middle East Policy 10/2 (2003), 102–112.
  • Kamrava, M. Iran’s Intellectual Revolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
  • Masud, MK. & Salvatore, A. & van Bruinessen, M. Islam and Modernity: Key Issues and Debates. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2009.
  • Modarressi, H. Crisis and Consolidation in the Formative Period of Shi’ite Islam: Abu Ja’far ibn Qiba al-Razi and his contribution to imamite Shi’ite thought. Princeton: Darwin Press, 1993.
  • Moin, B. Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah. London: IB Tauris, 2009.
  • Mojtahed-Shabestari, M. Hermonotik, Ketab, va Sonat. Tehran: Tarh-e No, 1377/1998.
  • Montazeri, A. “Democracy and Constitution” (Published on the Internet) (2000). Retrieved November 30, 2010, from Official Website of Ayatollah Montazeri: http://www.amontazeri.com/english/Hokoomat.pdf.
  • Montazeri, A. “Ayatollah Montazeri’s response to the questions of Dr Kadivar” (Published on the Internet in Persian) (2009). Retrieved November 30, 2010, from Official Website of Ayatollah Montazeri: http://www.amontazeri.com/farsi/fhome.asp.
  • Montazeri, AH. Resaleh-ye Hoqouq. Qom: Arqavan-e Danesh, 1385/2006.
  • Nasr, SV. The Shia Revival: How Conflicts within Islam will Shape the Future. New York: WW Norton, 2006. Tafsil va Tahlil-e Velayat-e Motlaqe-ye Faqih [Analysis of the theory of Velayat-e Motlaqe-ye Faqih. Tehran: Nehzat-e Azadi-ye Iran, 1367/1988.
  • Rahimi, B. Ayatollah Sistani and the Democratization of Post-Ba’athist Iraq. Washington: United States Institute of Peace, 2007.
  • Rahimi, B. The Discourse of Democracy in Shi’i Islamic Jurisprudence: The Two Cases of Montazeri and Sistani. The Mediterranean Programme Series. 2008.
  • Rahman, F. Islam and Modernity: Transformation of an Intellectual Tradition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982.
  • Rajaee, F. Islamism and Modernism: the Changing Discourse in Iran. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2007.
  • Sadri, M. “Sacral defense of Secularism: the political theologies of Soroush, Shabestari, and Kadivar.” International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society 15/2 (2001), 257–270.
  • Salehi-Najafabadi, A. Velayat-e Faqih, Hokoumat-e Salehan. Tehran: Rasa, 1367/1988.
  • Salehi-Najafabadi, A. Asaye Mosa, ya Darman-e Bimari-ye Qolov. Tehran: Omid-e Farda, 1380/2001.
  • Salehi-Najafabadi, A. Majmoo’e-ye Maqalat-e Siyasi, Tarikhi, Ejtema’ee. Tehran: Omid-e Farda, 1382/2003.
  • Shariati, A. Tashayyyo’e Alavi va Tashayyyo’e Safavai. Tehran: ts..
  • Siegel, E. The politics of Shahid-e Javid. In: Brunner R (ed.) The Twelver Shia in Modern Times: Religious Culture and Political History. Leiden: Brill, 2001.
  • Sobhani, M. “Daramadi bar jaryan shenasi andishe ye ejtema’ee ye dini dar Iran e mo’aser, bakhsh e 1”. Fasl nameh ye Naqd va Nazar. 43, 44 (1385/2007), 279–311.
  • Sobhani, M. “Daramadi bar jaryan shenasi andishe ye ejtema’ee ye dini dar Iran e mo’aser, bakhsh e 2”. Fasl nameh ye Naqd va Nazar. 45, 46 (1386/2008), 218–282.
  • Soroush, A. Farbeh Tar Az Ideology. Tehran: Serat, 1372/1993.
  • Soroush, A. “Tahlil-e Mafhum-e Hukumat-e Dini”. Kiyan, 32 (1375/1996), 2–13.
  • Soroush, A. Bast-e Tajrobeh-ye Nabavi. Tehran: Serat, 1378/1999.
  • Soroush, A. “The Saviour and Religious Revival” (Published on the Internet) (2002). Retrieved November 28, 2010, from Official Website of AbdolKarim Soroush: http://www.drsoroush.com/English/By_DrSoroush/E-CMB-TheSaviourAndReligiousRevival.html.
  • Soroush, A. “New Scientist interview with AbdolKarim Soroush” (Published on the Internet) (2003). Retrieved November 25, 2010, from Official website of Abdulkarim Soroush: http://www.drsoroush.com/English/Interviews/E-INT-20030600-Come_the_revolution-New-Scientist_Interview_with_AbdolKarim_Soroush.html.
  • Soroush, A. “Tashayyo’ va Chalesh-e Mardomsalari” (1384/2005a). Retrieved November 28, 2010, from Official Website of AbdolKarim Soroush: http://www.drsoroush.com/Persian/News_Archive/P-NWS-1384-05-10-LectureInParis.html.
  • Soroush, A. “Soroush’s response to the criticisms of Bahmanpoor, Part 1” (Published on the Internet in Persian) (1384/2005b). Retrieved November 28, 2010, from Official Website of AbdolKarim Soroush: http://www.drsoroush.com/Persian/By_DrSoroush/P-CMB-13830601-SoroushToBahmanpur.html.
  • Soroush, A. “Sonnat-e Roshanfekri-ye Dini”. Madrese, 5 (1385/2006).
  • Soroush, A. “An interview with AbdolKarim Soroush” (Published on the Internet in Persian) (2009, December 8). Retrieved December 2, 2010, from BBC Persian: http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/iran/2009/12/091207_ag_ef_ebarate_digar_soroush.shtml.
  • Soroush, A. “The Current Iranian System Rests on Obedience not Human Rights” (Published on the Internet) (2010, March). Retrieved December 2, 2010, from Official Website of AbdolKarim Soroush: http://www.drsoroush.com/English.htm.
  • Tabatabai, MH. Shi’a (çev. SH Nasr). Albany: State University of New York Press, 2. Baskı, 1977.
  • Yousefi-Eshkevari, H. Reformist Islam and modern society. In: Mir-Hosseini Z, Tapper R (eds) Islam and Democracy in Iran: Eshkevari and the Quest for Reform. London: IB Tauris, 2006a.
  • Yousefi-Eshkevari, H. Islamic democratic government. In: Mir-Hosseini Z, Tapper R (eds) Islam and Democracy in Iran: Eshkevari and the Quest for Reform. London: IB Tauris, 2006b.
Toplam 52 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Din Araştırmaları
Bölüm Çeviri
Yazarlar

Adel Hashemi-najafabadi Bu kişi benim 0000-0001-7871-7640

Çevirmenler

Fatih Topaloğlu Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2019
Gönderilme Tarihi 11 Kasım 2019
Kabul Tarihi 8 Aralık 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Hashemi-najafabadi, Adel. “Çağdaş İran’da Şiî İmamet Kavramı Ve Liderlik: Dinî Modernistlerin Görüşleri”. Turkish Journal of Shiite Studies. Fatih TopaloğluTrc 1/2 (Aralık 2019), 338-356.

Turkish Journal of Shiite Studies, Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.