Araştırma Makalesi
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Zerdüştlükte Tanrı-Evren İlişkisi Bağlamında Meleklerin Rolü

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 20, 70 - 93, 18.03.2022

Öz

Zerdüştlük özü itibariyle ilahi düzenin tek yaratıcısının Ahura Mazda olduğunu bildiren monoteist karakterli bir dindir. Bununla birlikte Zerdüşt inancına göre varoluşun temelinde iyi, kötü, aydınlık ve karanlık ilkelerine dayalı zıt unsurlar ve bu unsurlara bağlı sürekli ve sonsuz bir rekabet yatmaktadır. Bu savaşın bir tarafında İyi Ruh Ahura Mazda, diğer tarafında ise Kötü Ruh Angra Mainyu yer almaktadır. Avesta, bu düzenin yaratıcısı ve koruyucusu olan “Bilge Efendi’nin” yardımcısı konumunda olan pek çok varlık hakkında bilgi vermektedir. Bu varlıkların en önemlileri baş melekler olarak bilinen Ameşa Spentalar’dır. Ameşa Spentalar, kozmik bir enerji ve tanrısal gücün kusursuz taraftarları olarak varlık âleminin her kademesinde kötülükle aktif bir mücadele halindedirler. Burada insan açısından belirleyici olan, sonsuza kadar sürecek bu savaşta seçimini iyilikten yana kullanmasıdır. Güçlü tanrısal hiyerarşisinin altında bulunan bu varlıklar, sonsuz bir adanma tutkusuyla kendileri için tayin edilmiş bu ulvi görevleri bir değerler sistemi dâhilinde gerçekleştirmektedirler. Ameşa Spentalar’ın yanında Ahura Mazda’nın yüce bilgelik, iyilik, merhamet ve adaletinin evrende tecelli eden mükemmel idealleri olan Yazatalar ve Fravaşiler yer almaktadır. Bu melekler, Ahura Mazda’nın her şeye nüfus eden gücünü temsil eder. Zerdüşt dini geleneğinde, genel olarak Ameşa Spentalar, Yazatalar ve Fravaşiler şeklinde kategorize edilen bu varlıkların her birisinin farklı bir özelliği ve varlık mesabesinde farklı işlevleri vardır.

Kaynakça

  • Bettany, G. T. The Worlds Religions. London: Ward, Lock, & Co., 1890.
  • Boyce, Mary. A History of Zoroastrianism I. Leiden: Brill, 1996.
  • Boyce, Mary. Zoroastrians, Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979.
  • Brown, Robert. The Religion of Zoroaster Considered in Connection with Archaic Monotheism. London: 1879.
  • Carter, George William. Zoroastrianism and Judaism. Boston: Richard G. Badger the Gorham Press, 1918.
  • Dhalla, Maneckjı Nusservanjı. History of Zoroastrianism. New York: Oxford University Press, London Toronto, 1938.
  • Dhalla, Maneckjı Nusservanjı. Homage Unto Ahura Mazda. t.y.
  • Dhalla, Maneckjı Nusservanjı. Zoroastrian Theology From the Earliest Times to the Present Day. New York, 1914.
  • Hartman, Sven S. Parsism, The Religion of Zoroaster. Leiden: Brill, 1980.
  • Hartz, Paula. Zoroastrianism. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 2009.
  • Hinnells, John R. Persian Mythology. London: Chancellor Press, 1997.
  • Haug, Martin. Essays on the Sacred Language, Writings, and Religion of the Parsis. Ed. West, E. W. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Teubner & Co. Ltd., 1907.
  • İrani, Dinshaw J. The Gathas The Hymns of Zarathushtra. t.y.
  • Jackson, A.V. Williams. Zoroaster the Prophet of Ancient İran. New York: Columbia University Press, 1926.
  • Jackson, A.V. Williams. Zoroastrian Studies the İranian Religion and Various Monographs. New York: Columbia University Press, 1928.
  • Kapadia, S.A. The Teachings of Zoroaster and The Philosophy of The Parsi Religion. London: John Murray, Albemarle Street, 1905.
  • Kassam, Zayn R. Islam, Judaism and Zoroastrianism. New York, NY: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2018.
  • Kreyenbroek, Philip G. Living Zoroastrianism: Urban Parsis Speak About Their Religion. London ; New York: Routledge, 2013.
  • Masani, Sir Rustom. Zoroastrianism The Religion of The Good Life. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1938.
  • Mehr, Farhang. The Zoroastrian Tradition An İntroduction to the Ancient Wisdom of Zarathustra. Shaftesbury: Element İnc, 1991.
  • Moulton, James Hope. Early Zoroastrianism. London: 1913.
  • Müller, F. Max, ed. “The Bundahis”. The Sacred Books of the East. Trans. E. V. West, V. Pahlavi Texts, I. Oxford: At The Clarendon Press, 1880.
  • Müller, Max, ed. “Shayast Lâ-Shâyast”. The Sacred Books of the East. Trans. E. V. West, V. Pahlavi Texts I, Oxford: At The Clarendon Press, 1880.
  • Müller, Max, ed. “The Sîrôzahs”. Sacred Books of East. Trans. E. V. West, XXIII. Pahlavi Texts II. Oxford: At The Clarendon Press, 1880.
  • Nariman, Rohinton F. The İnner Fire Faith, Choice and Modern Day Living in Zoroastrinism. İndia: Hay House, 2016.
  • Nigosian, S. A. The Zoroastrian Faith Tradition and Modern Research. London: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1993.
  • Nigosian, S. A. World Religions. Evanston, Illinois: McDougal, Littel & Company, 1982.
  • Omerxali, Xanna. Avesta & Zerdüştilerin Kutsal Metinleri. çev. Adsay, Fahriye - Bingöl, İbrahim. İstanbul: Avesta Yayınları, 2017.
  • Rose, Jenny. Zoroastrianism: An İntroduction. London: I. B. Tauris, 2011.
  • Serlarji, Ervad - Bharucha, Dadabhai. A Brief Sketch of the Zoroastrian Religion & Customs. Bombay: 1893.
  • Skjærvø, Prods Oktor. Introduction to Zoroastrianism. 2005.
  • Taraporewala, İ,J.S. The Religion of Zarathushtra. İndia: Theosophical Publishing House, 1926.
  • Tiele, C. P. Outlines of the History of Religion to the Spread of the Universal Religions. London: Trübner & Co. Ludgate Hill, 1888.
  • Yıldırım, Nimet. İran Mitolojisi Kökenleri Kaynakları Ana Temaları. İstanbul: Pinhan, 2012.
  • Zaehner, R. C. The Dawn and Twilight of Zoroastrianism. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1961.
  • Zaehner, R. C. The Teachings of the Magi A Compendiom of Zoroastrian Beliefs. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1956.

The Role of Angels in the Context of the God-Universe Relationship in Zoroastrianism

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 20, 70 - 93, 18.03.2022

Öz

Zoroastrianism is essentially a monotheistic religion that states that Ahura Mazda is the only creator of the divine order. İn the meantime, according to Zoroastrian belief, there are opposite elements based on the principles of good, bad, brightness and darkness, and a constant and endless competition depending on these elements. On one side of this war is the Good Spirit Ahura Mazda, and on the other side is the Evil Spirit Angra Mainyu. The Avesta provides information about many creatures who are in the position of assistants of the "Wise Master", the creator and protector of this order. The most important of these creatures are the Amesha Spentas, known as the archangels. Amesha Spentas, as the perfect supporters of a cosmic energy and divine power, are in an active struggle with evil at every level of the realm of existence. What is decisive here the for mankind is using their choice for good in this war that will last forever. These creatures, under their powerful divine hierarchy, carry out these lofty duties assigned to them with an endless passion of devotion, within a system of values. In addition to the Amesha Spentas, the Yazatas and Fravashis take place and they are known to have the perfect ideals of Ahura Mazda's supreme wisdom, goodness, mercy, and justice manifested in the universe. These angels represent the power of Ahura Mazda that permeades everything. In the Zoroastrian religious tradition, each of these creatures, which are generally categorized as Amesha Spentas, Yazatas, and Fravashis, has a different feature and different functions in their existence level.

Kaynakça

  • Bettany, G. T. The Worlds Religions. London: Ward, Lock, & Co., 1890.
  • Boyce, Mary. A History of Zoroastrianism I. Leiden: Brill, 1996.
  • Boyce, Mary. Zoroastrians, Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979.
  • Brown, Robert. The Religion of Zoroaster Considered in Connection with Archaic Monotheism. London: 1879.
  • Carter, George William. Zoroastrianism and Judaism. Boston: Richard G. Badger the Gorham Press, 1918.
  • Dhalla, Maneckjı Nusservanjı. History of Zoroastrianism. New York: Oxford University Press, London Toronto, 1938.
  • Dhalla, Maneckjı Nusservanjı. Homage Unto Ahura Mazda. t.y.
  • Dhalla, Maneckjı Nusservanjı. Zoroastrian Theology From the Earliest Times to the Present Day. New York, 1914.
  • Hartman, Sven S. Parsism, The Religion of Zoroaster. Leiden: Brill, 1980.
  • Hartz, Paula. Zoroastrianism. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 2009.
  • Hinnells, John R. Persian Mythology. London: Chancellor Press, 1997.
  • Haug, Martin. Essays on the Sacred Language, Writings, and Religion of the Parsis. Ed. West, E. W. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Teubner & Co. Ltd., 1907.
  • İrani, Dinshaw J. The Gathas The Hymns of Zarathushtra. t.y.
  • Jackson, A.V. Williams. Zoroaster the Prophet of Ancient İran. New York: Columbia University Press, 1926.
  • Jackson, A.V. Williams. Zoroastrian Studies the İranian Religion and Various Monographs. New York: Columbia University Press, 1928.
  • Kapadia, S.A. The Teachings of Zoroaster and The Philosophy of The Parsi Religion. London: John Murray, Albemarle Street, 1905.
  • Kassam, Zayn R. Islam, Judaism and Zoroastrianism. New York, NY: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2018.
  • Kreyenbroek, Philip G. Living Zoroastrianism: Urban Parsis Speak About Their Religion. London ; New York: Routledge, 2013.
  • Masani, Sir Rustom. Zoroastrianism The Religion of The Good Life. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1938.
  • Mehr, Farhang. The Zoroastrian Tradition An İntroduction to the Ancient Wisdom of Zarathustra. Shaftesbury: Element İnc, 1991.
  • Moulton, James Hope. Early Zoroastrianism. London: 1913.
  • Müller, F. Max, ed. “The Bundahis”. The Sacred Books of the East. Trans. E. V. West, V. Pahlavi Texts, I. Oxford: At The Clarendon Press, 1880.
  • Müller, Max, ed. “Shayast Lâ-Shâyast”. The Sacred Books of the East. Trans. E. V. West, V. Pahlavi Texts I, Oxford: At The Clarendon Press, 1880.
  • Müller, Max, ed. “The Sîrôzahs”. Sacred Books of East. Trans. E. V. West, XXIII. Pahlavi Texts II. Oxford: At The Clarendon Press, 1880.
  • Nariman, Rohinton F. The İnner Fire Faith, Choice and Modern Day Living in Zoroastrinism. İndia: Hay House, 2016.
  • Nigosian, S. A. The Zoroastrian Faith Tradition and Modern Research. London: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1993.
  • Nigosian, S. A. World Religions. Evanston, Illinois: McDougal, Littel & Company, 1982.
  • Omerxali, Xanna. Avesta & Zerdüştilerin Kutsal Metinleri. çev. Adsay, Fahriye - Bingöl, İbrahim. İstanbul: Avesta Yayınları, 2017.
  • Rose, Jenny. Zoroastrianism: An İntroduction. London: I. B. Tauris, 2011.
  • Serlarji, Ervad - Bharucha, Dadabhai. A Brief Sketch of the Zoroastrian Religion & Customs. Bombay: 1893.
  • Skjærvø, Prods Oktor. Introduction to Zoroastrianism. 2005.
  • Taraporewala, İ,J.S. The Religion of Zarathushtra. İndia: Theosophical Publishing House, 1926.
  • Tiele, C. P. Outlines of the History of Religion to the Spread of the Universal Religions. London: Trübner & Co. Ludgate Hill, 1888.
  • Yıldırım, Nimet. İran Mitolojisi Kökenleri Kaynakları Ana Temaları. İstanbul: Pinhan, 2012.
  • Zaehner, R. C. The Dawn and Twilight of Zoroastrianism. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1961.
  • Zaehner, R. C. The Teachings of the Magi A Compendiom of Zoroastrian Beliefs. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1956.
Toplam 36 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Din Araştırmaları
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Mıhdat Aktulga 0000-0002-1913-782X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 18 Mart 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 17 Ocak 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Sayı: 20

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Aktulga, Mıhdat. “Zerdüştlükte Tanrı-Evren İlişkisi Bağlamında Meleklerin Rolü”. Kilitbahir 20 (Mart 2022), 70-93.

Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi olarak yayınlanan dergimiz 1 Ağustos 2019 tarihi itibari ile adını Kilitbahir olarak değiştirmiştir.

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