Öz
Hindistanlı Nakşbendî sufi Cemaat Ali Şah’ın (vef. 1951) teşkil ettiği örnekten yola çıkarak bağımsızlık öncesi dönem itibarıyla Hind-Pakistan tasavvufundaki dönüşüm yönlerini vurgulayan bu makale; bu sufinin matbaayı, tren yolu ulaşımını ve örgütlü modern yapıları kullanımının nasıl olup da birçok çağdaş Hind-Pakistani sufilerce paylaşılan yeni bir dinamikler bütününü örneklediğini göstermeye çalışmaktadır. Bu örneklik, bağımsızlık sonrası hükümetlerin sufi türbe-külliyeleri kontrol etme ve ulus-devlet çıkarlarına yarayan resmi ve modernist bir tasavvuf versiyonu gündeme getirme amacı güden çabalarına zıt düşmektedir. Bağımsızlık öncesi dönemin –bu dünya ile kutsal/doğa ötesi arasında vesile teşkil eden– tasavvuf şeyhlerinin kişisel ve karizmatik otoritesi; tüzel sosyal hizmetler, tıbbi yardımlar ve seküler resmi eğitim ile yer değiştirmiş olmaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Hind-Pakistan Tasavvufu Hind-Pakistan Nakşbendîliği Cemaat Ali Şah
Kaynakça
- Ahtar Hüseyin, Sırât-ı Emîr-i Millet. 2. bs. Karachi: A. Ayndâlis Prin- ters, 1982.
- Ansari, Sara F. D. Sufi Saints and State Power: The Pirs of Sind, 1843-1947. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
- Baig, Ubaidullah & A.A.K. Brohi. Pakistan Journey into light: An Instant Guide to Devotional Tours. Islamabad: Pakistan Tou- rism Development Corporation, 1985.
- Brown, Peter. “The Rise and Function of the Holy Man in Late An- tiquity.” In: Journal of Roman Studies, 61 (1971).
- Buehler, Arthur F. Masters of the Heart: Sufi Authority and Naqsh- bandi Revival in British India. Columbia: University of South Caroline Press, 1997.
- Clancy-Smith, Julia. Rebel and Saint: Muslim Notables, Populist Pro- test, Colonial Encounters (Algeria and Tunisia, 1800-1904). Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994.
- Cohn, Bernard S. “Representing Authority in Victorian India.” In: The Invention of Tradition. Edited by Eric Hobsbawm & Teren- ce Ranger. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
- Digby, Simon. “Encounters with Jogis in Indian Sufi Hagiography.” (Londra Üniversitesinde sunulmuş yayımlanmamış tebliğ, 27 Ocak, 1979).
- Eaton, Richard M. “Approaches to the Study of Conversion to Islam in India.” In: Richard C. Martin (ed.) Approaches to Islam in Religious Studies. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1985.
- Eck, Diana. Darsan: Seeing the Divine Image in India. 2nd ed. Chambersburg, Pennsylvania: Anima Books, 1985.
- Einzmann, Harald. Ziarat und Pir-e-Muridi. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1988.
- Ewing, Katherine. “The Politics of Sufism: Redefining the Saints of Pakistan.” In: Journal of Asian Studies 42, no. 2 (Feb. 1983).
- Fazl-i Husain, Letters of Mian Fazl-i Husain. Edited by Waheed Ah- mad. Lahore: Research Society of Pakistan, 1976.
- Gilmartin, David. “The Shaîdganj Mosque Incident: A Prelude to Pakistan.” In: Islam, Politics, and Social Movements. Edited by Edmund Burke & Ira M. Lapidus. Berkeley: University of Cali- fornia Press, 1988.
- Gilmartin, David. Empire and Islam: Punjab and the Making of Pa- kistan. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1989.
- Iqbal, Javid. Ideology of Pakistan. 2nd ed. Karachi, Ferozson’s, [1959] 1971.
- Irwing, Mile. “The Shrine of Baba Farid at Pakpattan.” In: Notes on Punjab and Mughal India: Selections from the Journal of the Punjab Historical Society. Edited by Zulfiqar Ahmed. Lahore: Sang-e Meel Publications, 1988.
- İkbal, Muhammed. Rumûz-ı Bîhûdî. İngilizceye çeviren: Arthur J. Arberry, The Mysteries of Selflessness: A Philosophical Poem. London: John Murray, 1953.
- İlâhî, Mahbûb. Tuhfe-yi Sa’diyye. Lahore: Al-Hamra Art Printers, 1979.
- Johnson, Kathryn Vitginia. The Unerring Balance: A Study of the Theory of Sanctity (Wilayah) of Abd al-Wahhab al-Sharânî. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Harvard University, 1985.
- Jones, Kenneth W. Arya Dharm: Hindu Consciousness in 19th- Century Punjab. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976.
- Lewis, P. Pirs, Shrines, and Pakistani Islam. Rawalpindi: Christian Study Centre, 1985.
- Mahmood, Tahir. “The Dargah of Sayyid Salar Mas’ud Ghazi in Bahraich: Legend, Tradition and Reality.” In Muslim Shrines, 34.
- Masson, Charles (James Lewis). Narrative of Various Journeys in Balochistan, Afghanistan, and the Punjab, including a residen- ce in those countries from 1826-1838. 3 vols. London: R. Bent- ley, 1842.
- Metcalf, Barbara. Islamic Revival in British India: Deoband, 1860- 1900. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982.
- Moini, Liyaqat Hussain. “Rituals and Customary Practices at the Dargah of Ajmer.” In: Muslim Shrines. Edited by Christian W. Troll. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1989.
- Nizami, Farhan. Madrasahs, Scholars and Saints: Muslim Response to the British Presence in Delhi and the Upper Doab, 1803- 1857. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Oxford: Oxford University, 1983.
- Nizami, Khaliq Ahmad. Some Aspects of Religion and Politics in India During the Thirteenth Century. Delhi: İdare-yi Edebiyat-ı Delhi, 1978.
- Oberoi, Harjot. The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
- Richard M. Eaton, The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204- 1760. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.
- Sanyal, Usha. Devotional Islam and Politics in British India: Ahmad Riza Barelwi and His Movement, 1870-1920. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1996.
Öz
Using a case study of the Indian Naqshbandi Jama‘at ‘Ali Shah (d. 1951) to highlight transformations in pre-independence Indo-Pakistani sufism, this article demonstrates how his use of print media, railway transportation, and modern organizational structures models a new set of dynamics shared by many modern Indo-Pakistani sufis. This contrasts with post-independence government efforts to control sufi shrines and put forward an official, modernist version of sufism that benefits the interests of the nation-state. The personal, charismatic authority of the pre-independence sufi shaykh who was a mediator between this world and the sacred/supernatural became replaced by impersonal bureaucratic social services, medical assistance, and secular government education.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Indo-Pakistani Sufism Indo-Pakistani Naqshbandiyyah Jama‘at ‘Ali Shah
Kaynakça
- Ahtar Hüseyin, Sırât-ı Emîr-i Millet. 2. bs. Karachi: A. Ayndâlis Prin- ters, 1982.
- Ansari, Sara F. D. Sufi Saints and State Power: The Pirs of Sind, 1843-1947. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
- Baig, Ubaidullah & A.A.K. Brohi. Pakistan Journey into light: An Instant Guide to Devotional Tours. Islamabad: Pakistan Tou- rism Development Corporation, 1985.
- Brown, Peter. “The Rise and Function of the Holy Man in Late An- tiquity.” In: Journal of Roman Studies, 61 (1971).
- Buehler, Arthur F. Masters of the Heart: Sufi Authority and Naqsh- bandi Revival in British India. Columbia: University of South Caroline Press, 1997.
- Clancy-Smith, Julia. Rebel and Saint: Muslim Notables, Populist Pro- test, Colonial Encounters (Algeria and Tunisia, 1800-1904). Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994.
- Cohn, Bernard S. “Representing Authority in Victorian India.” In: The Invention of Tradition. Edited by Eric Hobsbawm & Teren- ce Ranger. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
- Digby, Simon. “Encounters with Jogis in Indian Sufi Hagiography.” (Londra Üniversitesinde sunulmuş yayımlanmamış tebliğ, 27 Ocak, 1979).
- Eaton, Richard M. “Approaches to the Study of Conversion to Islam in India.” In: Richard C. Martin (ed.) Approaches to Islam in Religious Studies. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1985.
- Eck, Diana. Darsan: Seeing the Divine Image in India. 2nd ed. Chambersburg, Pennsylvania: Anima Books, 1985.
- Einzmann, Harald. Ziarat und Pir-e-Muridi. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1988.
- Ewing, Katherine. “The Politics of Sufism: Redefining the Saints of Pakistan.” In: Journal of Asian Studies 42, no. 2 (Feb. 1983).
- Fazl-i Husain, Letters of Mian Fazl-i Husain. Edited by Waheed Ah- mad. Lahore: Research Society of Pakistan, 1976.
- Gilmartin, David. “The Shaîdganj Mosque Incident: A Prelude to Pakistan.” In: Islam, Politics, and Social Movements. Edited by Edmund Burke & Ira M. Lapidus. Berkeley: University of Cali- fornia Press, 1988.
- Gilmartin, David. Empire and Islam: Punjab and the Making of Pa- kistan. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1989.
- Iqbal, Javid. Ideology of Pakistan. 2nd ed. Karachi, Ferozson’s, [1959] 1971.
- Irwing, Mile. “The Shrine of Baba Farid at Pakpattan.” In: Notes on Punjab and Mughal India: Selections from the Journal of the Punjab Historical Society. Edited by Zulfiqar Ahmed. Lahore: Sang-e Meel Publications, 1988.
- İkbal, Muhammed. Rumûz-ı Bîhûdî. İngilizceye çeviren: Arthur J. Arberry, The Mysteries of Selflessness: A Philosophical Poem. London: John Murray, 1953.
- İlâhî, Mahbûb. Tuhfe-yi Sa’diyye. Lahore: Al-Hamra Art Printers, 1979.
- Johnson, Kathryn Vitginia. The Unerring Balance: A Study of the Theory of Sanctity (Wilayah) of Abd al-Wahhab al-Sharânî. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Harvard University, 1985.
- Jones, Kenneth W. Arya Dharm: Hindu Consciousness in 19th- Century Punjab. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976.
- Lewis, P. Pirs, Shrines, and Pakistani Islam. Rawalpindi: Christian Study Centre, 1985.
- Mahmood, Tahir. “The Dargah of Sayyid Salar Mas’ud Ghazi in Bahraich: Legend, Tradition and Reality.” In Muslim Shrines, 34.
- Masson, Charles (James Lewis). Narrative of Various Journeys in Balochistan, Afghanistan, and the Punjab, including a residen- ce in those countries from 1826-1838. 3 vols. London: R. Bent- ley, 1842.
- Metcalf, Barbara. Islamic Revival in British India: Deoband, 1860- 1900. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982.
- Moini, Liyaqat Hussain. “Rituals and Customary Practices at the Dargah of Ajmer.” In: Muslim Shrines. Edited by Christian W. Troll. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1989.
- Nizami, Farhan. Madrasahs, Scholars and Saints: Muslim Response to the British Presence in Delhi and the Upper Doab, 1803- 1857. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Oxford: Oxford University, 1983.
- Nizami, Khaliq Ahmad. Some Aspects of Religion and Politics in India During the Thirteenth Century. Delhi: İdare-yi Edebiyat-ı Delhi, 1978.
- Oberoi, Harjot. The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
- Richard M. Eaton, The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204- 1760. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.
- Sanyal, Usha. Devotional Islam and Politics in British India: Ahmad Riza Barelwi and His Movement, 1870-1920. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1996.
Ayrıntılar
| Bölüm | Çeviriler |
|---|---|
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 26 Nisan 2016 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 6 Şubat 2016 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2015Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2 |
_____________________________________ ISSN 1309-5803 e-Makâlât Mezhep Araştırmaları Dergisi _______________________________