Öz
Yeni bir devlet olarak uluslararası siyaset sahnesine çıkan Amerika Birleşik
Devletleri’nin (ABD) Osmanlı Devletiyle ilk karşılaşması, devletin Kuzey Afrika’daki
topraklarında gerçekleşmiştir. Burada yapılan antlaşmalar ve savaşlar, ABD’nin
dış politikasını şekillendiren âmillerin başında gelmektedir. Yaşanan süreç yapılan
pazarlıklar açısından ABD’nin uzlaşma ve savaş diplomasinin iki yönünü de açık
bir şekilde göstermektedir. Güçlü ülkelerle uzlaşma, zayıf görülenle savaş politikası
büyük ölçüde bu dönemde şekillenmiştir. Amerikalılar açısından Garp Ocakları
arasında Trablusgarp’ın (Libya) ise hususi bir yeri vardır. Zira yaptıkları antlaşmanın
bozulmasının ardından ABD, Trablusgarp’ta abluka, bombardıman ve kara harekâtı
gibi ilk yurtdışı operasyon tecrübelerini yaşamış; Trablusgarp Savaşı’nı (1801-1805)
yeni bir ulusun –Amerikan ulusunun- doğuşunu müjdeleyen “büyük zafer” olarak
sunmuştur. Ülkemizde bu konu üzerine hem çok az çalışma bulunmakta; hem de bu
çalışmalarda önemli eksiklikler göze çarpmaktadır. Kullanılan kaynaklar dolayısıyla
meselenin tek tarafl ı değerlendirilmesi bunların başında gelmektedir. Binaenaleyh
çalışmada, özellikle konu üzerine yayınlanmış olan farklı çalışmalar da dikkate
alınarak Trablusgarp-ABD ilişkileri iki taraf açısından da değerlendirilmeye ve tarihî
süreçteki eksik ve hatalı bilgiler tashih edilmeye çalışılmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Osmanlı Devleti ABD Kuzey Afrika Trablusgarp (Libya) Antlaşma ve Savaş
Kaynakça
- Abulafia, David, (2012). Büyük Deniz: Akdeniz’de İnsanlık Tarihi, Çev. Gül Çağalı Güven, Alfa Yayınları, İstanbul.
- Allen, G. W., (1905). Our Navy and the Barbary Corsairs, Boston. Barnby, H. G., (1966). The Prisoners of Algiers: An Account of the Forgotten American-Algerian War: 1785-1797, Oxford University Press, London.
- Bergna, Costanzo, (1985). Trablus min 1510 ilâ 1850, Arapça’ya Çev. Halife Muhammed et-Tillîsî, ed-Dâru’l-Cemâhiriyyetü li’n-Neşr ve’t- Tevzî’ ve’l-İ’lân, Dâru’l-Kütübi’l-Vataniyye, Bingazi.
- Bixler, R. W., (1959). The Open Door on the Barbary Coast, Pagent Press, New York.
- Brown, L. Carl, (1976). “The United States and the Maghrib”, Middle East Journal (Middle East Institute), S. 30, No. 3, Bicentennial Issue (Summer), 233-265.
- Carson, David A., (1986). “Jefferson, Congress, and the Question of Leadership in the Tripolitan War”, The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, C. 94, No. 4 (Oct.), 409-424.
- Erhan, Çağrı, (2015). Türk-Amerikan İlişkileri’nin Tarihsel Kökenleri, İmge Kitabevi, 2. Baskı, Ankara.
- Erol, Mine, (1980). “Amerikan Trablusgarp İlişkileri”, AÜDTCF Tarih Bölümü Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, C. XIII, S. 24, Ankara, 129-155.
- Feraud, Charles, (1994). Havliyyâtü’l-Lîbiyye (Annales Tripolitaines), Arapça’ya Çev. Muhammed Abdülkerim el-Vâfî, Câmiatü Karyunis, III. Baskı, Bingazi.
- Field, James A., Jr., (1969). America and the Mediterranean World, 1776- 1882, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
- Folayan, Kola, (1972a). “The Tripolitan War: A Reconsideration of the Causes”, Africa: Rivista trimestrale di studi e documentazione dell’Istituto italiano per l’Africa e l’Oriente, Anno 27, No. 1 (MARZO), 615-626.
- Folayan, Kola, (1972b). “Tripoli and the War with the U.S.A., 1801-5”, The Journal of African History, Cambridge University Press, Vol. 13, No. 2, 261-270.
- Güner, Selda, (2015). “Londra’da Bir Memlûk Beyi: Muhammed Bey Elfî (Ekim-Aralık 1803)”, Akademik Bakış, C. 9, S. 17, Kış, 41-69.
- http://www.marines.mil/Portals/59/Publications/Fortitudine%20 Vol%2014%20No%201.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 30.10.2016.
- Humphreys, Frank Landon, (1917). The Life and Times of David Humphreys, C. I-II, G.P. Putnams Sons, The Knickerbocker Press, New York.
- Irwin, Ray Watkins, (1931). The Diplomatic Relations of the United States with the Barbary Powers: 1776-1816, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.
- Jamieson, Alan G., (2012). Lords of the Sea: A History of the Barbary Corsairs, Reaktion Books Ltd., London.
- Johnston, Sir Harry II., (1930). A History of the Colonization of Africa by Alien Races, Cambridge.
- Kitzen, Michael, (1996). “Money Bags or Cannon Balls: The Origins of the Tripolitan War, 1795-1801”, Journal of the Early Republic, University of Pennsylvania Press on behalf of the Society for Historians of the Early American Republic, S. 16, No. 4 (Winter), 601-624.
- Kurat, Akdes Nimet, (1959). Türk-Amerikan Münasebetlerine Kısa Bir Bakış (1800-1959), Doğuş Matbaası, Ankara.
- Kurat, Akdes Nimet, (1964). “Berberî Ocakları ile Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Münasebetleri (1774-1816)”, AÜDTCF Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, C. 2, S. 2-3, Ankara, 175-214.
- Kurat, Akdes Nimet, (1967). “Türkiye ile Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Arasındaki Münasebetlere Ait Arşiv Vesikaları”, AÜDTCF Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, C. 5, S. 8-9, Ankara, 287-372.
- Lane-Poole, Stanley, (1890). The Story of the Barbary Corsairs, New York and London.
- Mackenzie, Alexander Slidell, (1846). Life of Stephen Decatur: A Commodore in the Navy of the United States, C. C. Little and J. Brown, Boston.
- McKee, Christopher, (1972). Edward Preble: A Naval Biography, 1761- 1807, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis.
- Miller, Hunter (Ed.), (1931). Treaties and Other International Acts of the United States of America, C.2, Documents 1-40: 1776-1818, United States Government Printing Office, Washington.
- Morris, Richard Valentine, (1804). A Defence of the Conduct of Commodore Morris During His Command in the Mediterranean, I. Riley and Co., New York.
- en-Nâib, Ahmed Bey el-Ensârî et-Trablusî, (1317). el-Menhelü’l-Azb fî Târîhi Trablusgarb, Cemal Efendi Matbaası, Daru’l-Hilâfeti’l-Aliyye (İstanbul), C. I.
- Nehicüddin Efendi/Hasan Sâfî, (2013). Tarih-i İbn-i Galbun der- Beyan-ı Trablusgarp & Trablusgarp Tarihi, (Ed. Ahmet Kavas), Yay. haz. Abdullah Erdem Taş, Muhammed Tandoğan, Aydın Özkan, Taşmektep Yayınları, İstanbul.
- Oren, Michael B., (2011). “A Mortal and Mortifying Threat”, Power, Faith and Fantasy: America in the Middle East, 1776 to the Present, W.W. Norton, New York.
- Paullin, Charles Oscar, (1912). Diplomatic Negotiations of American Naval Officers: 1778-1883, The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore.
- Roberts, Priscilla H.-Tull, James N., (1999). “Moroccan Sultan Sidi Muhammad Ibn Abdallah’s Diplomatic Initiatives toward the United States, 1777-1786”, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, American Philosophical Society, S. 143, No. 2 (Jun.), 233-265.
- Rossi, Ettore, (1974). Libya münzü’l-Fethi’l-Arabî hattâ sene 1911, Ar. Çev. Halife Muhammed et-Tillîsî, Beyrut.
- Simmons, BGen Edwin H., (1984). “Director’s Page: O’Bannon’s Sword?”, Fortitudine, C. 14, No. 1, Summer, 3-9.
- Taş, Abdullah Erdem, (2016). “Osmanlı Garp Ocaklarından Trablusgarp Eyaleti: Karamanlılar Dönemi (1711-1835)”, Basılmamış Doktora Tezi, İÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
- Tucker, Glenn, (1963). Dawn like Thunder: The Barbary Wars and the Birth of the U.S. Navy, Bobbs-Merrill, Indianapolis.
- Tully, Richard (Miss Tully), (1816). Narrative of a ten years’ residence at Tripoli in Africa; from the original correspondence in the family of the late Richard Tully, Esq., the British consul. Comprising authentic memoirs and anecdotes of the reigning bashaw, his family, and other persons of distinction; also, an account of the domestic manners of the Moors, Arabs, and Turks, London, Printed for H. Colburn.
- U.S. Gov. Printing Office, (1931). Naval Documents: Barbary Wars, Washington, C.I.
- Vivian, Cassandra, (2012). Americans in Egypt, 1770-1915: Explorers, Consuls, Travelers, Soldiers, Missionaries, Writers and Scientists, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina and London.
- Wilson, Gary E., (1982). “American Hostages in Moslem Nations, 1784- 1796: The Public Response”, Journal of the Early Republic, University of Pennsylvania Press on behalf of the Society for Historians of the Early American Republic, S. 2, No. 2 (Summer), 123-141.
- Woodward, G. Thomas, (2004). “The Costs of State–Sponsored Terrorism: The Example of the Barbary Pirates”, National Tax Journal, Vol. 57, No. 3, Tax Policy in Transition (September), 599-611.
- Wright, Louis B. -Macleod, Julia H., (1945). The First Americans in North Africa: William Eaton’s Struggle for a Vigorous Policy against the Barbary Pirates: 1799-1805, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
United State of America (USA) First Contact with North Africa and Tripolitania (Libya)-American Relations
Öz
The first encounter of the United States (US) with the Ottoman Empire, which was
the international political scene as a new state, took place in the state of North Africa.
The treaties and wars made here are the leading factors shaping US foreign policy.
The living process clearly shows both sides of the US agreement and war diplomas
in terms of bargaining. The agreement with the strong countries, the war policy with
weakness, has been shaped in this period to a great extent. For Americans, there is
a special place in Trablusgarp (Libya) between Western Odjacks (Ottoman North
African Provinces). Because, after the disruption of the treaty they have done, the
United States experienced their first overseas operations in Tripoli, such as blockade,
bombardment and ground operations. He presented the Battle of Tripoli (1801-
1805) as a “great victory” that heralded the birth of a new nation - the American
nation. There are very few studies on this subject in our country, and important
shortcomings are striking in these studies. One-sided evaluation of the problems
caused by the resources used is one of these deficiencies. Taking into consideration
the different studies published on the subject, the Tripoli-US relations were tried
to be evaluated both in terms of both sides and to correct missing and erroneous
information in the historical process.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Ottoman State USA North Africa Tripolitania (Libya) Treaty and War
Kaynakça
- Abulafia, David, (2012). Büyük Deniz: Akdeniz’de İnsanlık Tarihi, Çev. Gül Çağalı Güven, Alfa Yayınları, İstanbul.
- Allen, G. W., (1905). Our Navy and the Barbary Corsairs, Boston. Barnby, H. G., (1966). The Prisoners of Algiers: An Account of the Forgotten American-Algerian War: 1785-1797, Oxford University Press, London.
- Bergna, Costanzo, (1985). Trablus min 1510 ilâ 1850, Arapça’ya Çev. Halife Muhammed et-Tillîsî, ed-Dâru’l-Cemâhiriyyetü li’n-Neşr ve’t- Tevzî’ ve’l-İ’lân, Dâru’l-Kütübi’l-Vataniyye, Bingazi.
- Bixler, R. W., (1959). The Open Door on the Barbary Coast, Pagent Press, New York.
- Brown, L. Carl, (1976). “The United States and the Maghrib”, Middle East Journal (Middle East Institute), S. 30, No. 3, Bicentennial Issue (Summer), 233-265.
- Carson, David A., (1986). “Jefferson, Congress, and the Question of Leadership in the Tripolitan War”, The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, C. 94, No. 4 (Oct.), 409-424.
- Erhan, Çağrı, (2015). Türk-Amerikan İlişkileri’nin Tarihsel Kökenleri, İmge Kitabevi, 2. Baskı, Ankara.
- Erol, Mine, (1980). “Amerikan Trablusgarp İlişkileri”, AÜDTCF Tarih Bölümü Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, C. XIII, S. 24, Ankara, 129-155.
- Feraud, Charles, (1994). Havliyyâtü’l-Lîbiyye (Annales Tripolitaines), Arapça’ya Çev. Muhammed Abdülkerim el-Vâfî, Câmiatü Karyunis, III. Baskı, Bingazi.
- Field, James A., Jr., (1969). America and the Mediterranean World, 1776- 1882, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
- Folayan, Kola, (1972a). “The Tripolitan War: A Reconsideration of the Causes”, Africa: Rivista trimestrale di studi e documentazione dell’Istituto italiano per l’Africa e l’Oriente, Anno 27, No. 1 (MARZO), 615-626.
- Folayan, Kola, (1972b). “Tripoli and the War with the U.S.A., 1801-5”, The Journal of African History, Cambridge University Press, Vol. 13, No. 2, 261-270.
- Güner, Selda, (2015). “Londra’da Bir Memlûk Beyi: Muhammed Bey Elfî (Ekim-Aralık 1803)”, Akademik Bakış, C. 9, S. 17, Kış, 41-69.
- http://www.marines.mil/Portals/59/Publications/Fortitudine%20 Vol%2014%20No%201.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 30.10.2016.
- Humphreys, Frank Landon, (1917). The Life and Times of David Humphreys, C. I-II, G.P. Putnams Sons, The Knickerbocker Press, New York.
- Irwin, Ray Watkins, (1931). The Diplomatic Relations of the United States with the Barbary Powers: 1776-1816, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.
- Jamieson, Alan G., (2012). Lords of the Sea: A History of the Barbary Corsairs, Reaktion Books Ltd., London.
- Johnston, Sir Harry II., (1930). A History of the Colonization of Africa by Alien Races, Cambridge.
- Kitzen, Michael, (1996). “Money Bags or Cannon Balls: The Origins of the Tripolitan War, 1795-1801”, Journal of the Early Republic, University of Pennsylvania Press on behalf of the Society for Historians of the Early American Republic, S. 16, No. 4 (Winter), 601-624.
- Kurat, Akdes Nimet, (1959). Türk-Amerikan Münasebetlerine Kısa Bir Bakış (1800-1959), Doğuş Matbaası, Ankara.
- Kurat, Akdes Nimet, (1964). “Berberî Ocakları ile Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Münasebetleri (1774-1816)”, AÜDTCF Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, C. 2, S. 2-3, Ankara, 175-214.
- Kurat, Akdes Nimet, (1967). “Türkiye ile Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Arasındaki Münasebetlere Ait Arşiv Vesikaları”, AÜDTCF Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, C. 5, S. 8-9, Ankara, 287-372.
- Lane-Poole, Stanley, (1890). The Story of the Barbary Corsairs, New York and London.
- Mackenzie, Alexander Slidell, (1846). Life of Stephen Decatur: A Commodore in the Navy of the United States, C. C. Little and J. Brown, Boston.
- McKee, Christopher, (1972). Edward Preble: A Naval Biography, 1761- 1807, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis.
- Miller, Hunter (Ed.), (1931). Treaties and Other International Acts of the United States of America, C.2, Documents 1-40: 1776-1818, United States Government Printing Office, Washington.
- Morris, Richard Valentine, (1804). A Defence of the Conduct of Commodore Morris During His Command in the Mediterranean, I. Riley and Co., New York.
- en-Nâib, Ahmed Bey el-Ensârî et-Trablusî, (1317). el-Menhelü’l-Azb fî Târîhi Trablusgarb, Cemal Efendi Matbaası, Daru’l-Hilâfeti’l-Aliyye (İstanbul), C. I.
- Nehicüddin Efendi/Hasan Sâfî, (2013). Tarih-i İbn-i Galbun der- Beyan-ı Trablusgarp & Trablusgarp Tarihi, (Ed. Ahmet Kavas), Yay. haz. Abdullah Erdem Taş, Muhammed Tandoğan, Aydın Özkan, Taşmektep Yayınları, İstanbul.
- Oren, Michael B., (2011). “A Mortal and Mortifying Threat”, Power, Faith and Fantasy: America in the Middle East, 1776 to the Present, W.W. Norton, New York.
- Paullin, Charles Oscar, (1912). Diplomatic Negotiations of American Naval Officers: 1778-1883, The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore.
- Roberts, Priscilla H.-Tull, James N., (1999). “Moroccan Sultan Sidi Muhammad Ibn Abdallah’s Diplomatic Initiatives toward the United States, 1777-1786”, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, American Philosophical Society, S. 143, No. 2 (Jun.), 233-265.
- Rossi, Ettore, (1974). Libya münzü’l-Fethi’l-Arabî hattâ sene 1911, Ar. Çev. Halife Muhammed et-Tillîsî, Beyrut.
- Simmons, BGen Edwin H., (1984). “Director’s Page: O’Bannon’s Sword?”, Fortitudine, C. 14, No. 1, Summer, 3-9.
- Taş, Abdullah Erdem, (2016). “Osmanlı Garp Ocaklarından Trablusgarp Eyaleti: Karamanlılar Dönemi (1711-1835)”, Basılmamış Doktora Tezi, İÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
- Tucker, Glenn, (1963). Dawn like Thunder: The Barbary Wars and the Birth of the U.S. Navy, Bobbs-Merrill, Indianapolis.
- Tully, Richard (Miss Tully), (1816). Narrative of a ten years’ residence at Tripoli in Africa; from the original correspondence in the family of the late Richard Tully, Esq., the British consul. Comprising authentic memoirs and anecdotes of the reigning bashaw, his family, and other persons of distinction; also, an account of the domestic manners of the Moors, Arabs, and Turks, London, Printed for H. Colburn.
- U.S. Gov. Printing Office, (1931). Naval Documents: Barbary Wars, Washington, C.I.
- Vivian, Cassandra, (2012). Americans in Egypt, 1770-1915: Explorers, Consuls, Travelers, Soldiers, Missionaries, Writers and Scientists, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina and London.
- Wilson, Gary E., (1982). “American Hostages in Moslem Nations, 1784- 1796: The Public Response”, Journal of the Early Republic, University of Pennsylvania Press on behalf of the Society for Historians of the Early American Republic, S. 2, No. 2 (Summer), 123-141.
- Woodward, G. Thomas, (2004). “The Costs of State–Sponsored Terrorism: The Example of the Barbary Pirates”, National Tax Journal, Vol. 57, No. 3, Tax Policy in Transition (September), 599-611.
- Wright, Louis B. -Macleod, Julia H., (1945). The First Americans in North Africa: William Eaton’s Struggle for a Vigorous Policy against the Barbary Pirates: 1799-1805, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Siyaset Bilimi |
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 15 Ocak 2019 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2017 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1 |
