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Doğa Bilimi Çalışmalarının Tanrı İnancı Üzerindeki Etkisi

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 48, 7 - 28, 28.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.37697/eskiyeni.1206336

Öz

Bilim ve din ilişkisi üzerine tartışmalar her dönemde popüler ve ihtilaflı olmuştur. Aralarındaki neden ve sonuç ilişkisi, hakkında kesin ve net yorumlar yapmanın zor olduğu karmaşık bir ilişkidir. Bilimin din ve inançlar üzerindeki etkisi iki zıt kutuptan değerlendirilmektedir. İlk görüşe göre bilim, kişileri düşünmeye ve sorgulamaya teşvik eden ve deneyler ile kanıtlanamayan bilgiyi kabul etmemelerine, yani metafizik inançlardan uzaklaşmalarına sebebiyet veren bir faktördür. Diğer kutupta ise, yaratılan bir evreni detaylı bir şekilde izah ederek inananların imanlarını artırdığı düşünülmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, doğa bilimleri üzerine akademik olarak çalışmanın kişilerin Tanrı inancını nasıl etkilediğini incelemektir. Çalışma nitel bir durum çalışmasıdır. İngiltere’de doğa bilimlerinin farklı alanlarında lisansüstü çalışmalar yapan Türkiyeli 7 genç bilim insanı ile yarı yapılandırılmış mülakatlar yapılmıştır. Bu mülakatlar betimsel bir şekilde analiz edilmiş ve katılımcıların deneyimlerinden ortak temalar geliştirilmiştir. Ayrıca daha önceki çalışmalar da taranmış, çalışmanın bulguları yorumlanırken onlardan da faydalanılmıştır. Bu çalışma sonucunda şunlar tespit edilmiştir: Doğa bilimcileri arasında inançsızlık oranlarının yüksek olmasına ve doğa bilimleri çalışmalarının bireylerin dinleri sorgulamalarına ve bazı iddialarını reddetmelerine neden olabilmesine rağmen, bu çalışmalar Tanrı inancındaki köklü değişikliklerde birincil sebep değildir. Aksine bu çalışmaların bulguları hem inancı hem inançsızlığı gerekçelendirmek amaçlı kullanılabilmektedir. Aile dindarlığı ve dindar olduğunu iddia eden kimselerin ve dinî otoritelerin kötü davranışlarına yahut dini istismarlarına maruz kalmak yahut şahit olmak gibi çevresel faktörlerin bireylerin inançları üzerindeki etkisi daha ciddidir.

Kaynakça

  • Aydın, Ali Rıza. Dini İnkarın Psiko-Sosyal Nedenleri. Samsun: Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, 1995.
  • Aydın, Ali Rıza. “Ateist Düşünceye Etki Eden Psiko-Sosyal Faktörler”. EKEV Akademi Dergisi 7/14 (2003), 27-42.
  • Bayyiğit, Mehmet. Üniversite Gençliğinin Dini İnanç Tutum ve Davranışları Üzerine bir Araştırma: Selçuk Üniversitesi Öğrencileri Üzerinde bir Anket Uygulaması. Bursa: Uludağ Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 1989.
  • Bello, Francis. “The Young Scientists”. Fortune 49 (1954), 142-182.
  • Berry, Sam. “Darwin Tanrı’yı Öldürdü mü?”. 21. Yüzyıl için Tanrı. ed. Russell Stannard. çev. Şaban Ali Düzgün. 55-58. Ankara: Fol Kitap, 2022.
  • Brooke, John Hedley. Science and Religion Some Historical Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
  • Bruce, Steve. God is Dead – Secularization in the West. New Jersey: Blackwell Publishing, 2002.
  • Creswell, John W. Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri: Beş Yaklaşıma Göre Nitel Araştırma ve Araştırma Deseni. Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi, 2020.
  • Collins, Francis S. The Language of God: A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief. New York: Free Press, 2006.
  • Davies, Paul. God and the New Physics. London: Penguin Books, 1983.
  • Ecklund, Elaine Howard - Park, Jerry Z. “Conflict Between Religion and Science Among Academic Scientists?”. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion48/2 (2009), 276–292.
  • Ecklund Howard vd. “Scientists Negotiate Boundaries between Religion and Science”. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 50 (2011), 552–569.
  • Ecklund, Elaine Howard vd. “Religion among Scientists in International Context: A New Study of Scientists in Eight Regions”. Socius 2 (2016), 1-9.
  • Erdoğruca Korkmaz, Nuran. “İnanç ve İnançsızlığın Psikolojisi: 1”. Kelam Araştırmaları 12/1 (2014), 275-294.
  • Ertit, Volkan. Sekülerleşme Teorisi. Ankara: Liberte, 2019.
  • Evans, John H. - Evans, Michael S. “Religion and Science: Beyond the Epistemological Conflict Narrative”, The Annua lReview of Sociology 34 (2008), 87-105.
  • Flick, Uwe vd. “What is Qualitative Research? An Introduction to the Field”. çev. Bryan Jenner, A Companion to Qualitative Research. ed. Uwe Flick vd. London: Sage Publications Ltd., 2004.
  • Gerring, John. Case Study Research: Principles and Practices. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.
  • Guest, Greg vd. “How Many Interviews Are Enough? An Experiment with Data Saturation and Variability”. Field Methods 18/1 (2006), 59-82.
  • Günay, Ünver. Erzurum ve Çevre Köylerinde Dinî Hayat. İstanbul: Erzurum Kitaplığı, 1999.
  • Habermas, Jürgen. “A “Post-Secular” Society-What does that Mean?”. Erişim 08 Ağustos 2022. https://www.resetdoc.org/story/a-post-secular-society-what-does-that-mean/.
  • Keysar, Ariela. “Religious/Nonreligious Demography and Religion versus Science: A Global Perspective”. The Oxford Handbook of Secularism. ed. P. Zuckerman and J.R. Shook. 40-52. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2017.
  • Khalil, Mohammad Hassan - Bilici, Mucahit. “Conversion Out of Islam: A Study of Conversion Narratives of Former Muslims”. The Muslim World 97 (2007), 111-124.
  • Kuzel, Anton J. “Sampling in Qualitative Inquiry”. Doing Qualitative Research. ed. B. Crabtree-W. Miller. 31–44. Newbury Park: SAGE Publications, 1992.
  • Larson, Edward J -Witham, Larry. “Leading Scientists Still Reject God”. Nature 394 (1998), 313-314.
  • Leuba, James. “Religious Beliefs of American Scientists”. Harper’s 169 (1934), 292–300.
  • Longest, KyleC. -Christian Smith, “Conflicting or Compatible: Beliefs About Religion and Science Among Emerging Adults in the United States”, Sociological Forum 26/4 (2011), 846-869.
  • Longest, Kyle C.-Uecker, Jeremy E. “It All Depends on What You Want to Believe: How Young Adults Navigate Religion and Science”. Review of Religious Research 63 (2021), 1-21.
  • Lois, Lee – Bullivant, Stephen. “Where Do Atheists Come From?”. New Scientist205 (2010), 26-27.
  • Merriam, Sharan B. – Tisdell, Elizabeth J. Qualitative Research: A Guide to Design and Implementation. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2016.
  • Miles, Matthew B. -Huberman, A. Michael. Qualitative Data Analysis. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, 1994.
  • Morse, Janice. “Designing Funded Qualitative Research”. Handbook for Qualitative Research. ed. N. Denzin - Y. Lincoln. 220–235. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, 1994.
  • Pew Research Center. “Section 4: Scientists, Politics and Religion”. Erişim 01 Ağustos 2022. https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2009/07/09/section-4-scientists-politics-and-religion/
  • Religious Tolerance, “How and Why People Do Become Atheist – Thirteen Personal Stories”. Erişim 01 Ağustos 2012. http://www.religioustolerance.org/atheist11a.htm
  • Roe, Anne. The Making of a Scientist. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1953.
  • Rogińska, Maria. “Trajectories of (Non)Belief in the Scientific Community: The Case of Polish and Ukrainian Natural Scientists”. Review of Religious Research 61 (2019), 389–409.
  • Sevinç, Kenan vd.” Dindar ve Spiritüel Olmama (DİSOL) Ölçeğinin Türkçe’ye Uyarlanması”. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 6 (2015), 59-86.
  • Sevinç, Kenan -Mehmedoğlu, Ali Ulvi. “İnançsızlığa Yönelmede Çevresel ve Entelektüel Faktörlerin Etkisi”. İnsan ve Toplum 6/2 (2016), 87-116.
  • Sevinç, Kenan vd. “Exploring Perceptions of Religion and Science among Turkish Academics”. Studia Humana 10 (2021), 18-35.
  • Shaha, Alom, The Young Atheist’s Handbook: Lessons for Living a Good Life WithoutGod. New York: Perseus Books Group, Kindle Edition, 2012.
  • Stark, Rodney. “On the Incompatibility of Religion and Science: A Survey of American Graduate Students”. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 3/1 (1963), 3-20.
  • Stark, Rodney –Finke, Roger. Acts of Faith: Explaining the Human Side of Religion. California: University of California Press, 2000.
  • Steinberg, Stephen. The Academic Melting Pot: Catholics and Jews in American Higher Education. New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1977.
  • Thalheimer, Fred. “Continuity and Change in Religiosity: A Study of Academicians”. Pacific Sociological Review 8 (1965), 101-108.
  • Thalheimer, Fred. “Religiosity and Secularization in the Academic Professions”. Sociology of Education 46/2 (1973), 183-202.
  • Thrower, James. Western Atheism A Short History. New York: Prometheus Books, 2000.
  • White, Andrew Dickson. A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom: Volume I. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
  • Wuthnow, Robert. “Science and the Sacred”. The Sacred in a Secular Age. ed. Phillip E. Hammond. 187-203. California: University of California Press, 1985.
  • Yapıcı, Asım. “Müslümanlıktan Hıristiyanlığa Geçişin Sebepleri Üzerine Sosyo-Psikolojik bir İnceleme”. Arayış Değişim ve Din. ed. Hasan Kayıklık. 189-238. Adana: Karahan Kitabevi, 2017.
  • Yin, Robert K. Case Study Research: Design and Methods. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, 2003.
  • Zuckerman, Phil. “Atheism Contemporary Numbers and Patterns”. The Cambridge Companion to Atheism. ed. Michael Martin. 47-66. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
  • Zuckerman, Phil. Faith No More – Why Some People Reject Religion. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.

The Effects of Natural Sciences Studies on Belief in God

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 48, 7 - 28, 28.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.37697/eskiyeni.1206336

Öz

Discussions on the relationship between science and religion have always been popular and controversial. The cause and effect relationship between the two is a complex one that is difficult to make precise and clear interpretations of. The impact of science on religion and beliefs is evaluated from two opposite perspectives. According to the first perspective, science is a factor that encourages people to think and question and not accept the knowledge that experiments cannot prove; thus, it causes them to draw away from metaphysical beliefs. According to the other view, science is thought to increase the faith of believers by explaining a created universe in detail. In this study, the possible effects of natural science studies on the belief in God are examined. The study is a qualitative case study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 7 young scientists from Turkey doing postgraduate studies in different fields of natural sciences in England. The interviews were analyzed descriptively, and common themes were developed from the experiences of the participants. In addition, previous studies were scanned, and they were referred to while interpreting the findings of the study as well. As a result of this study, the following were identified: Although the rates of disbelief are high among natural scientists and natural science studies may cause people to question religions and reject some of their claims, these studies are not the primary reasons for radical changes in belief in God. On the contrary, the findings of these natural sciences can be used to support both belief and disbelief. Social factors such as family religiosity and being exposed to or witnessing the wrong or abusive behaviors of those who claim to be religious and religious authorities have a more severe effect on the beliefs of individuals.

Kaynakça

  • Aydın, Ali Rıza. Dini İnkarın Psiko-Sosyal Nedenleri. Samsun: Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, 1995.
  • Aydın, Ali Rıza. “Ateist Düşünceye Etki Eden Psiko-Sosyal Faktörler”. EKEV Akademi Dergisi 7/14 (2003), 27-42.
  • Bayyiğit, Mehmet. Üniversite Gençliğinin Dini İnanç Tutum ve Davranışları Üzerine bir Araştırma: Selçuk Üniversitesi Öğrencileri Üzerinde bir Anket Uygulaması. Bursa: Uludağ Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 1989.
  • Bello, Francis. “The Young Scientists”. Fortune 49 (1954), 142-182.
  • Berry, Sam. “Darwin Tanrı’yı Öldürdü mü?”. 21. Yüzyıl için Tanrı. ed. Russell Stannard. çev. Şaban Ali Düzgün. 55-58. Ankara: Fol Kitap, 2022.
  • Brooke, John Hedley. Science and Religion Some Historical Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
  • Bruce, Steve. God is Dead – Secularization in the West. New Jersey: Blackwell Publishing, 2002.
  • Creswell, John W. Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri: Beş Yaklaşıma Göre Nitel Araştırma ve Araştırma Deseni. Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi, 2020.
  • Collins, Francis S. The Language of God: A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief. New York: Free Press, 2006.
  • Davies, Paul. God and the New Physics. London: Penguin Books, 1983.
  • Ecklund, Elaine Howard - Park, Jerry Z. “Conflict Between Religion and Science Among Academic Scientists?”. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion48/2 (2009), 276–292.
  • Ecklund Howard vd. “Scientists Negotiate Boundaries between Religion and Science”. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 50 (2011), 552–569.
  • Ecklund, Elaine Howard vd. “Religion among Scientists in International Context: A New Study of Scientists in Eight Regions”. Socius 2 (2016), 1-9.
  • Erdoğruca Korkmaz, Nuran. “İnanç ve İnançsızlığın Psikolojisi: 1”. Kelam Araştırmaları 12/1 (2014), 275-294.
  • Ertit, Volkan. Sekülerleşme Teorisi. Ankara: Liberte, 2019.
  • Evans, John H. - Evans, Michael S. “Religion and Science: Beyond the Epistemological Conflict Narrative”, The Annua lReview of Sociology 34 (2008), 87-105.
  • Flick, Uwe vd. “What is Qualitative Research? An Introduction to the Field”. çev. Bryan Jenner, A Companion to Qualitative Research. ed. Uwe Flick vd. London: Sage Publications Ltd., 2004.
  • Gerring, John. Case Study Research: Principles and Practices. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.
  • Guest, Greg vd. “How Many Interviews Are Enough? An Experiment with Data Saturation and Variability”. Field Methods 18/1 (2006), 59-82.
  • Günay, Ünver. Erzurum ve Çevre Köylerinde Dinî Hayat. İstanbul: Erzurum Kitaplığı, 1999.
  • Habermas, Jürgen. “A “Post-Secular” Society-What does that Mean?”. Erişim 08 Ağustos 2022. https://www.resetdoc.org/story/a-post-secular-society-what-does-that-mean/.
  • Keysar, Ariela. “Religious/Nonreligious Demography and Religion versus Science: A Global Perspective”. The Oxford Handbook of Secularism. ed. P. Zuckerman and J.R. Shook. 40-52. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2017.
  • Khalil, Mohammad Hassan - Bilici, Mucahit. “Conversion Out of Islam: A Study of Conversion Narratives of Former Muslims”. The Muslim World 97 (2007), 111-124.
  • Kuzel, Anton J. “Sampling in Qualitative Inquiry”. Doing Qualitative Research. ed. B. Crabtree-W. Miller. 31–44. Newbury Park: SAGE Publications, 1992.
  • Larson, Edward J -Witham, Larry. “Leading Scientists Still Reject God”. Nature 394 (1998), 313-314.
  • Leuba, James. “Religious Beliefs of American Scientists”. Harper’s 169 (1934), 292–300.
  • Longest, KyleC. -Christian Smith, “Conflicting or Compatible: Beliefs About Religion and Science Among Emerging Adults in the United States”, Sociological Forum 26/4 (2011), 846-869.
  • Longest, Kyle C.-Uecker, Jeremy E. “It All Depends on What You Want to Believe: How Young Adults Navigate Religion and Science”. Review of Religious Research 63 (2021), 1-21.
  • Lois, Lee – Bullivant, Stephen. “Where Do Atheists Come From?”. New Scientist205 (2010), 26-27.
  • Merriam, Sharan B. – Tisdell, Elizabeth J. Qualitative Research: A Guide to Design and Implementation. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2016.
  • Miles, Matthew B. -Huberman, A. Michael. Qualitative Data Analysis. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, 1994.
  • Morse, Janice. “Designing Funded Qualitative Research”. Handbook for Qualitative Research. ed. N. Denzin - Y. Lincoln. 220–235. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, 1994.
  • Pew Research Center. “Section 4: Scientists, Politics and Religion”. Erişim 01 Ağustos 2022. https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2009/07/09/section-4-scientists-politics-and-religion/
  • Religious Tolerance, “How and Why People Do Become Atheist – Thirteen Personal Stories”. Erişim 01 Ağustos 2012. http://www.religioustolerance.org/atheist11a.htm
  • Roe, Anne. The Making of a Scientist. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1953.
  • Rogińska, Maria. “Trajectories of (Non)Belief in the Scientific Community: The Case of Polish and Ukrainian Natural Scientists”. Review of Religious Research 61 (2019), 389–409.
  • Sevinç, Kenan vd.” Dindar ve Spiritüel Olmama (DİSOL) Ölçeğinin Türkçe’ye Uyarlanması”. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 6 (2015), 59-86.
  • Sevinç, Kenan -Mehmedoğlu, Ali Ulvi. “İnançsızlığa Yönelmede Çevresel ve Entelektüel Faktörlerin Etkisi”. İnsan ve Toplum 6/2 (2016), 87-116.
  • Sevinç, Kenan vd. “Exploring Perceptions of Religion and Science among Turkish Academics”. Studia Humana 10 (2021), 18-35.
  • Shaha, Alom, The Young Atheist’s Handbook: Lessons for Living a Good Life WithoutGod. New York: Perseus Books Group, Kindle Edition, 2012.
  • Stark, Rodney. “On the Incompatibility of Religion and Science: A Survey of American Graduate Students”. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 3/1 (1963), 3-20.
  • Stark, Rodney –Finke, Roger. Acts of Faith: Explaining the Human Side of Religion. California: University of California Press, 2000.
  • Steinberg, Stephen. The Academic Melting Pot: Catholics and Jews in American Higher Education. New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1977.
  • Thalheimer, Fred. “Continuity and Change in Religiosity: A Study of Academicians”. Pacific Sociological Review 8 (1965), 101-108.
  • Thalheimer, Fred. “Religiosity and Secularization in the Academic Professions”. Sociology of Education 46/2 (1973), 183-202.
  • Thrower, James. Western Atheism A Short History. New York: Prometheus Books, 2000.
  • White, Andrew Dickson. A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom: Volume I. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
  • Wuthnow, Robert. “Science and the Sacred”. The Sacred in a Secular Age. ed. Phillip E. Hammond. 187-203. California: University of California Press, 1985.
  • Yapıcı, Asım. “Müslümanlıktan Hıristiyanlığa Geçişin Sebepleri Üzerine Sosyo-Psikolojik bir İnceleme”. Arayış Değişim ve Din. ed. Hasan Kayıklık. 189-238. Adana: Karahan Kitabevi, 2017.
  • Yin, Robert K. Case Study Research: Design and Methods. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, 2003.
  • Zuckerman, Phil. “Atheism Contemporary Numbers and Patterns”. The Cambridge Companion to Atheism. ed. Michael Martin. 47-66. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
  • Zuckerman, Phil. Faith No More – Why Some People Reject Religion. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
Toplam 52 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sosyoloji
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Elif Büşra Kocalan 0000-0002-8051-4647

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Mart 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 17 Kasım 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Sayı: 48

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Kocalan, Elif Büşra. “Doğa Bilimi Çalışmalarının Tanrı İnancı Üzerindeki Etkisi”. Eskiyeni 48 (Mart 2023), 7-28. https://doi.org/10.37697/eskiyeni.1206336.
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