Öz
بالتزامن مع انتشار المكنات الذكية وشيوعها، تتفاقم المشكلات الأخلاقية المتعلقة بالذكاء الاصطناعي الذي يمكنه أن يحول الخيال العلمي وما يحمله من الرؤى المظلمة إلى حقيقة علمية، وتصبح محور اهتمام شعبي. فخوارزميات الذكاء الاصطناعي أو المكنات التي تستطيع التفكير تأخذ على عاتقها الالتزامات الجادة التي يأتي بها العصر الحديث، وتصبح جزءا لا يتجزأ من ٍ الحياة الاجتماعية من جهة، وتجلب معها بعض المشكلات الأخلاقية من جهة أخرى. هذه الدراسة تتضمن المشكلات الموضوعية المتعلقة بالأنظمة المدعومة بالذكاء الاصطناعي الذي يوصف بأنه تقنية تحويلية، وتسلط الضوء على مجالات مسؤولية الذكاء الاصطناعي والمخاوف والمشكلات الأخلاقية ذات الصلة بالذكاء الاصطناعي. وتلفت هذه المقالة الانتباه إلى أن الذكاء الاصطناعي لديه القدرة على إعادة تعريف مفاهيمنا ومقارباتنا ونظرياتنا الأخلاقية التقليدية، وتكشف عن وجود حاجة إلى المبادئ الأخلاقية عند تصميم الذكاء الاصطناعي من خلال تقديم أمثلة من البحوث الحالية في مجال التكنولوجيا. وهذه الدراسة ٍ التي تؤكد أننا نقترب بسرعة من فترة ستتولى فيها الآلات والمكنات تصميم وتوزيع وفحص التكنولوجيا الحديثة والعمليات التكنولوجية، تهدف إلى الحد من فوضى التكنولوجيا المصاحبة لسرعة الابتكارات. وتدعو المقالة كلا من صانعي السياسات وواضعي القوانين إلى إسباغ القيم والمبادئ الأخلاقية على الذكاء الاصطناعي من منظور فلسفي، بغية حل المشكلات الأخلاقية وتخفيف المخاوف ذات الصلة بالذكاء الاصطناعي.
Anahtar Kelimeler
تاريخ الفلسفة الأخلاق أخلاقيات الذكاء الاصطناعي المشكلات الأخلاقية للذكاء الاصطناعي المخاوف ذات الصلة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
Kaynakça
- Agarwal, Sray-Mishra, Shashin. Responsible AI Implementing Ethical and Unbiased Algorithms, Switzerland: Springer, 2021.
- Airenti, G., “The Cognitive Basis of Anthropomorphism: From Relatedness to Empathy”, International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1): 2015: 117-127.
- Anderson, Michael, Machine Ethics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
- Asada, M., “Towards Artificial Empathy”, Int J of Soc Robotics 7 (2015): 19-33.
- Asimov, Isaac, Robots and Empire: The Classic Robot Novel. New York: Harper Collins, 1986.
- Asimov, Isaac, Runaround: A Short Story, New York: Street and Smith. 1942.
- Bostrom, Nick-Yudkowsky, Eliezer., “The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence”, Cambridge Handbook of Artificial Intelligence, eds., William Ramsey-Keith Frankish: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
- Braidotti, Rosi, The Posthuman. Cambridge: Polity, 2013.
- Calvo, R. A., vd. “Supporting Human Autonomy in AI Systems: A Framework for Ethical Enquiry”, Ethics of Digital Well-Being: A Multidisciplinary Approach. ed., C. Burr-L. Floridi., Cham: Springer, 2020: 31-54.
- CDEI., Interim Report: Review into Bias in Algorithmic Decision-Making. Centre for Data Ethics and Innovation, London, 2019.
- Crootof, Rebecca, The Killer Robots Are Here: Legal and Policy Implications, 36 Cardozo L. Rev: 1837 (2015).
- Epley, N., vd. “On Seeing Human: A Three-Factor Theory of Anthropomorphism”, Psychological Review 114(4) 2007: 864-886.
- Epstein, Richard G., “The Case of The Killer robot (part 2)”, Acm Sigcas Computers and Society 24.4 (1994): 12-32.
- European Commission, High-Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence, Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy AI., Brussels: 2019.
- FA., Raso, vd. Artificial Intelligence & Human Rights: Opportunities & Risks, Berkman Klein Center Research Publication: No. 6, 2018.
- Goffi, Emmanuel R., Responsible AI Implementing Ethical and Unbiased Algorithms, ed. Sray Agarwal-Shashin Mishra, London: Springer, 2021.
- Grant, George, Technology and Justice. Concord, Ontario: House of Anansi, 1986.
- Hagendorf, Thilo, “The Ethics of AI Ethics: An Evaluation of Guidelines”,Minds and Machines 30: (2020): 99-120.
- Harvard Business Review, “Collaborative Intelligence: Humans and AI are Joining Forces”. IEEE., Ethically Aligned Design- A Vision for Prioritizing Human Well-being with Autonomous and Intelligent Systems, USA: IEEE. 2019.
- Jobin, A. vd. “The Global Landscape of AI Ethics Guidelines”, Nat Mach Intell 1, (2019): 389-399.
- Lawton, George. “AI Ethics (AI code of ethics)”, TechTarget. Murphy, R.-Woods, D., “Beyond Asimov: The Three Laws of Responsible Robotics”,IEEE Intelligent Systems 24(4), (2009): 14-20.
- Nyholm, Sven, “The Ethics of Crashes with Self-driving Cars: A roadmap, I”, Philosophy Compas Vol. 13 (2018): 2-10.
- Parr, Sakiko Fukuda-Gibbons, Elizabeth, “Emerging Consensus on ‘Ethical AI’: Human Rights Critique of Stakeholder Guidelines”, Global Policy Vol. 12 (2021): 32-44. Picard, Rosalind, Affective Computing, Cambridge, MA and London: MIT Press: 1997.
- R. Richardson, vd. “Dirty Data, Bad Predictions: How Civil Rights Violations Impact Police Data, Predictive Policing Systems, and Justice”. N Y Univ Law Rev Online 192,(2019).
- Salles, Arleen, vd. “Anthropomorphism in AI”, AJOB Neuroscience, 11:2 (2020): 88-95.
- Sparrow, Robert, “Killer Robots”, Journal of Applied Philosophy, 24(1), (2007): 62-77.
- Stahl, Bernd Carsten, “Ethical Issues of AI”, Artificial Intelligence for a Better Future, (2021): 35-53.
- Sullins, John P., “When Is a Robot a Moral Agent?”, International Review of Information Ethics, Vol. 6 (12/2006): 23-30.
- Sychev, Vasily, The Threat of Killer Robots. Topakkaya, Arslan-Eyibaş, Yağmur, Yapay Zekâ ve Etik İlişkisi, Felsefe Dünyası, Sayı: 70, (2019): 81-99.
- Waytz, A., vd. Who Sees Human? The Stability and Importance of Individual Differences in Anthropomorphism, Perspectives on Psychological Science 5(3): (2010): 219-232.
- Yalçın, Ö.N.-DiPaola, S., Modeling Empathy: Building a Link Between Affective and Cognitive Processes, Artificial Intelligence Review 53, (2020): 2983-3006.
- Yeşilkaya, Nazan, “Yeni Bir Varlık Türü Olarak Biyoteknolojik Varlıklar ve Adalet Sorunu”, Şırnak Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 26 (2021): 233-256.
Öz
Bilim kurgunun karanlık vizyonlarını bilim gerçekliğine dönüştürebilen insan-dışı zekânın etik sorunları, akıllı makineler yaygın hâle geldikçe çoğalmakta ve popüler ilgi odağı haline gelmektedir. Yapay zekâ (YZ) algoritmaları ya da düşünen makineler, modern yaşamın ciddi yükümlülüklerini üstlenerek sosyal yaşamın vazgeçilmez bir evresi olmaya doğru yol alırken bir takım etik sorunları da beraberinde getirmektedir. Dönüştürücü teknoloji olarak lanse edilen YZ destekli sistemlerle ilgili tematik sorunların yer aldığı bu çalışmada, YZ’nin sorumluluk alanlarının ve YZ ile ilgili etik kaygı ve sorunların neler olduğunun netleştirilmesi konu edilmiştir. YZ’nin geleneksel ahlak kavramlarımızı, etik yaklaşımlarımızı ve ahlak teorilerimizi yeniden tanımlama potansiyeline sahip olduğuna dikkat çekilen makalede, YZ tasarımında etik ilkelere duyulan ihtiyaç, teknoloji alanındaki güncel araştırmalardan örneklerle ortaya konuyor. Yeni teknolojilerin ve teknolojik süreçlerin tasarım, dağıtım ve kontrolünün makinelere aktarıldığı bir döneme hızla yaklaştığımızı vurgulayan bu çalışmanın amacı, inovasyon hızına bağlı olarak oluşabilecek teknolojik başıboşluğun önüne geçmektir. Makale hem politika yapıcıları hem de yasa koyucuları, YZ’de ortaya çıkan etik sorunları çözmek ve endişeleri hafifletmek için felsefenin rehberliğinde etik değerleri ve ilkeleri titizlikle YZ’ye işlemeye çağırmaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Felsefe Tarihi Etik Yapay Zekâ Etiği Yapay Zekânın Etik Sorunları Yapay Zekâya Dair Kaygılar
Kaynakça
- Agarwal, Sray-Mishra, Shashin. Responsible AI Implementing Ethical and Unbiased Algorithms, Switzerland: Springer, 2021.
- Airenti, G., “The Cognitive Basis of Anthropomorphism: From Relatedness to Empathy”, International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1): 2015: 117-127.
- Anderson, Michael, Machine Ethics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
- Asada, M., “Towards Artificial Empathy”, Int J of Soc Robotics 7 (2015): 19-33.
- Asimov, Isaac, Robots and Empire: The Classic Robot Novel. New York: Harper Collins, 1986.
- Asimov, Isaac, Runaround: A Short Story, New York: Street and Smith. 1942.
- Bostrom, Nick-Yudkowsky, Eliezer., “The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence”, Cambridge Handbook of Artificial Intelligence, eds., William Ramsey-Keith Frankish: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
- Braidotti, Rosi, The Posthuman. Cambridge: Polity, 2013.
- Calvo, R. A., vd. “Supporting Human Autonomy in AI Systems: A Framework for Ethical Enquiry”, Ethics of Digital Well-Being: A Multidisciplinary Approach. ed., C. Burr-L. Floridi., Cham: Springer, 2020: 31-54.
- CDEI., Interim Report: Review into Bias in Algorithmic Decision-Making. Centre for Data Ethics and Innovation, London, 2019.
- Crootof, Rebecca, The Killer Robots Are Here: Legal and Policy Implications, 36 Cardozo L. Rev: 1837 (2015).
- Epley, N., vd. “On Seeing Human: A Three-Factor Theory of Anthropomorphism”, Psychological Review 114(4) 2007: 864-886.
- Epstein, Richard G., “The Case of The Killer robot (part 2)”, Acm Sigcas Computers and Society 24.4 (1994): 12-32.
- European Commission, High-Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence, Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy AI., Brussels: 2019.
- FA., Raso, vd. Artificial Intelligence & Human Rights: Opportunities & Risks, Berkman Klein Center Research Publication: No. 6, 2018.
- Goffi, Emmanuel R., Responsible AI Implementing Ethical and Unbiased Algorithms, ed. Sray Agarwal-Shashin Mishra, London: Springer, 2021.
- Grant, George, Technology and Justice. Concord, Ontario: House of Anansi, 1986.
- Hagendorf, Thilo, “The Ethics of AI Ethics: An Evaluation of Guidelines”,Minds and Machines 30: (2020): 99-120.
- Harvard Business Review, “Collaborative Intelligence: Humans and AI are Joining Forces”. IEEE., Ethically Aligned Design- A Vision for Prioritizing Human Well-being with Autonomous and Intelligent Systems, USA: IEEE. 2019.
- Jobin, A. vd. “The Global Landscape of AI Ethics Guidelines”, Nat Mach Intell 1, (2019): 389-399.
- Lawton, George. “AI Ethics (AI code of ethics)”, TechTarget. Murphy, R.-Woods, D., “Beyond Asimov: The Three Laws of Responsible Robotics”,IEEE Intelligent Systems 24(4), (2009): 14-20.
- Nyholm, Sven, “The Ethics of Crashes with Self-driving Cars: A roadmap, I”, Philosophy Compas Vol. 13 (2018): 2-10.
- Parr, Sakiko Fukuda-Gibbons, Elizabeth, “Emerging Consensus on ‘Ethical AI’: Human Rights Critique of Stakeholder Guidelines”, Global Policy Vol. 12 (2021): 32-44. Picard, Rosalind, Affective Computing, Cambridge, MA and London: MIT Press: 1997.
- R. Richardson, vd. “Dirty Data, Bad Predictions: How Civil Rights Violations Impact Police Data, Predictive Policing Systems, and Justice”. N Y Univ Law Rev Online 192,(2019).
- Salles, Arleen, vd. “Anthropomorphism in AI”, AJOB Neuroscience, 11:2 (2020): 88-95.
- Sparrow, Robert, “Killer Robots”, Journal of Applied Philosophy, 24(1), (2007): 62-77.
- Stahl, Bernd Carsten, “Ethical Issues of AI”, Artificial Intelligence for a Better Future, (2021): 35-53.
- Sullins, John P., “When Is a Robot a Moral Agent?”, International Review of Information Ethics, Vol. 6 (12/2006): 23-30.
- Sychev, Vasily, The Threat of Killer Robots. Topakkaya, Arslan-Eyibaş, Yağmur, Yapay Zekâ ve Etik İlişkisi, Felsefe Dünyası, Sayı: 70, (2019): 81-99.
- Waytz, A., vd. Who Sees Human? The Stability and Importance of Individual Differences in Anthropomorphism, Perspectives on Psychological Science 5(3): (2010): 219-232.
- Yalçın, Ö.N.-DiPaola, S., Modeling Empathy: Building a Link Between Affective and Cognitive Processes, Artificial Intelligence Review 53, (2020): 2983-3006.
- Yeşilkaya, Nazan, “Yeni Bir Varlık Türü Olarak Biyoteknolojik Varlıklar ve Adalet Sorunu”, Şırnak Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 26 (2021): 233-256.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Arapça |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Tercüme Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Çevirmenler |
Mustafa Hamza Bu kişi benim |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 23 Haziran 2023 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2023 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1 |
