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Representative Bureaucracy and Citizen Participation

Year 2023, Volume: 9 Issue: 16, 86 - 100, 26.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.25069/spmj.1265896

Abstract

Representative bureaucracy is the reflection of diversity on the bureaucratic structure as gender, race, ethnicity, language, religion etc. and its effect on services. The passive representative bureaucracy is the reflection of the demographic structure on the public bureaucracy. An active representative bureaucracy is the change brought about by the decisions or practices of bureaucrats representing diversity. It is symbolic representative bureaucracy that does not require the active action of the bureaucrat. At this point, it is possible to say that the passive representative bureaucracy will contribute proportionally to the development of democracy in a society, while the active representative bureaucracy will contribute to this process in terms of services that emerge with a participatory approach. The assumption of this study is that representative bureaucracy contributes to the realization of participatory democracy in a society. In institutions that apply representative bureaucracy, satisfaction and efficiency in service increase, and participation in decision-making and implementation processes increases. In the study, first of all, the concepts of passive, active and symbolic representation are explained. Then, the contribution of representative bureaucracy to citizen participation is discussed. This evaluation is based on previous studies and results in the field. The change and transformation in citizen participation with representative bureaucracy are discussed with examples.

References

  • Arslan, M. (2019). Temsili Bürokrasi, Gazi Kitabevi, Ankara.
  • Arslan, M., Lamba, M. ve Öztop, S. (2020). Transformatıon Of Passıve Representatıon Into Symbolıc Representatıon In The Framework Of Representatıve Bureaucracy Approach: A Fıeld Research On The Gendarmarıe And The Polıce. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, ISSN: 2149-1658, Cilt: 7, Sayı: 2 s.418-444.
  • Aşkar, G. (2019). Bürokraside Temsil Sorunu: Temsili Bürokrasi Yaklaşımı. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 59, s.95-104.
  • Bradbury, M. D. ve Kellough, J. E. (2011). Representative Bureaucracy: Assessing the Evidence on Active Representation, The American Review of Public Administration 41(2) 157 –167 DOI: 10.1177/0275074010367823.
  • Campbell, J., W., (2021), Representatıve Bureaucracy, Immıgrants And Trust In Government: A Cross-Natıonal Study, Public Administration Issues. 2021. Special Issue II, 7-23.
  • Conner, T. W. (2016). Representation and Collaboration: Exploring the Role of Shared Identity in the Collaborative Process. Public Administration Review, 76(2), 288-301.
  • Dee, T. (2005). A teacher like me: Does race, ethnicity or gender matter?. American Economic Review, 95(2), 158-165.
  • Durmuş, M. (2021), Temsili Bürokrasi Sıfır Toplamlı Bir Oyun Mudur? Literatür Kapsamında Bir Değerlendirme, Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi DergisiYıl: 2021 Cilt- : 14(1) ss: 68-81.
  • Gade, D. M., ve Wilkins, V. M. (2013). Where did You Serve? Veteran Identity, Representative Bureaucracy and Vocational Rehabilitation. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 23(2), 267-288.
  • Grissom J. A., Kern, E. C. ve Rodriguez, L. A., (2015, Haziran). The “ Representative Bureaucracy” in Education: Educator Workforce Diversity, Policy Outputs, and Outcomes for Disadvantaged Students, Educational Researcher, Vol. 44 No. 3, pp. 185–192, DOI: 10.3102/0013189X15580102. Grissom, J. A., and Keiser, L. (2011). A Supervisor like Me: Race, Representation, and the Satisfaction and Turnover Decisions of Public Sector Employees. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 30(3), 557-580. Hong, S. (2015). Representative Bureaucracy, Organizational Integrity, and Citizen Coproduction: Does an Increase in Police Ethnic Representativeness Reduce Crime? Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 35(1), 11–33. doi:10.1002/pam.21876 Hameş, Ö. (2021), Temsili Bürokrasi Uygulamaları ve Türkiye, Paradigma Akademi, Çanakkale.
  • Keiser, L.R. (2010). Represantative Bureaucracy. The Oxford Handbook of American Bureaucracy, edited by Robert F. Durant, 714-37. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  • Kingsley, J. D. (1944). Representative Bureaucracy: An interpretation of the British Civil Service. Ohio: The Antioch Press.
  • Meier, K. J., Stewart, J., Jr., & England, R. E. (1990). Race, class, and education: The politics of secondgeneration discrimination. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
  • Meier, K. J., & Stewart, J. J., Jr. (1992). The impact of representative bureaucracies: Educational systems and public policies. American Review of Public Administration, 22, 157-171.
  • Moscovich, L. (2016, September). Improving Service Delivery to Women? Legislative and Bureaucratic Representation, Political Contestation, and Subnational Education Outcomes in Argentina1, Paper prepared for the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Philadelphia, PA, September 2, 2016.
  • Norma M. Riccucci and Greg G. Van Ryzin. (2017), Representative Bureaucracy: A Lever to Enhance Social Equity, Coproduction, and Democracy, Article in Public Administration Review · January 2017 DOI: 10.1111/puar.12649
  • Öztürk, Namık Kemal (2017), Bürokrasi-Siyaset İlişkileri ve Türkiye, Siyasal Kitabevi, Ankara.
  • Öztürk, N. K. ve Hameş, Ö. (2018), Kanada’da Temsili Bürokrasi Uygulamaları, Strategic Public Management Journal Volume 4, Issue 8, pp.81-94.
  • Seung-Ho An, Song, M. ve Meier, K. J. (2021), Representative bureaucracy and the policy environment: Gender representation in Forty-Four countries, First published: 11 October 2021 https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12789
  • Theobald, Nick A. and Donald P. Haider-Markel . (2009), Race, Bureaucracy, and Symbolic Representation: Interactions between Citizens and Police . Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 19 ( 2 ): 409 – 426.
  • Woo, K. H. (2015, Feb.). Representatıve Bureaucracy: The Malaysıan Perspectıve, International Journal of Political Science, Law and International Relations (IJPSLIR) ISSN(P): 2278–8832; ISSN€: 2278–8840 Vol. 5, Issue 1, pp.11-22.

Temsili Bürokrasi ve Vatandaş Katılımı

Year 2023, Volume: 9 Issue: 16, 86 - 100, 26.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.25069/spmj.1265896

Abstract

Bir toplumda cinsiyet, ırk, etnik köken, dil, din vb. çeşitliliğin kamu hizmeti ifa etmekle görevli olan bürokratik yapıya yansıması ve bunun hizmetlere olan etkisi temsili bürokrasi kavramıyla açıklanmaktadır. Buna göre demografik yapının kamu bürokrasisine yansıması pasif temsili bürokrasi, bürokraside bu çeşitliliği temsil eden kişilerin alacakları karar veya uygulamalarında meydana getirdiği değişiklik aktif temsili bürokrasi ve bunun sembolik olmasının dahi olumlu sonuçlar ortaya çıkaracağı, bürokratın eylemine yansımasına gerek olmadığı üzerine odaklanan sembolik temsili bürokrasi olarak ele alınmaktadır. Bu noktada pasif temsili bürokrasinin oransal olarak bir toplumda demokrasinin gelişimine, aktif temsili bürokrasinin ise bu sürece katılımcı anlayışla ortaya çıkan hizmetler açısından katkı sağlayacağını söylemek mümkündür. Bu çalışmada kamu kurumlarında farklıkların temsili olan temsili bürokrasinin bir toplumda katılımcı demokrasi ilkelerinin gerçekleşmesi sürecine katkı sunduğu varsayımından yola çıkılmıştır. Buna göre temsili bürokrasiyi içselleştirmiş, iyi kurgulamış bürokratik yapılarda, vatandaşın hizmetten yararlanma memnuniyetinin, hizmette etkinlik ve verimliliğin arttığı, hizmeti kendisinden biri olarak gördüğü bürokratlar elinden aldığında karar alım ve uygulama süreçlerine daha aktif katılım sağladığı sonucuna ulaşılmaktadır. Çalışmada öncelikle temsili bürokrasi kavramı pasif, aktif ve sembolik temsil olmak üzere farklı boyutlarıyla açıklanmıştır. Ardından kavram, tüm boyutlarıyla bir bütün halinde vatandaş katılımına olan katkısı bağlamında ele alınmıştır. Bu değerlendirme, alanda daha önce yapılan çalışmalar ve ortaya koyduğu sonuçlar üzerinden yapılmış ve temsili bürokrasi ile vatandaş katılımında meydana gelen değişim ve dönüşüm örneklerle ele alınmıştır.

References

  • Arslan, M. (2019). Temsili Bürokrasi, Gazi Kitabevi, Ankara.
  • Arslan, M., Lamba, M. ve Öztop, S. (2020). Transformatıon Of Passıve Representatıon Into Symbolıc Representatıon In The Framework Of Representatıve Bureaucracy Approach: A Fıeld Research On The Gendarmarıe And The Polıce. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, ISSN: 2149-1658, Cilt: 7, Sayı: 2 s.418-444.
  • Aşkar, G. (2019). Bürokraside Temsil Sorunu: Temsili Bürokrasi Yaklaşımı. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 59, s.95-104.
  • Bradbury, M. D. ve Kellough, J. E. (2011). Representative Bureaucracy: Assessing the Evidence on Active Representation, The American Review of Public Administration 41(2) 157 –167 DOI: 10.1177/0275074010367823.
  • Campbell, J., W., (2021), Representatıve Bureaucracy, Immıgrants And Trust In Government: A Cross-Natıonal Study, Public Administration Issues. 2021. Special Issue II, 7-23.
  • Conner, T. W. (2016). Representation and Collaboration: Exploring the Role of Shared Identity in the Collaborative Process. Public Administration Review, 76(2), 288-301.
  • Dee, T. (2005). A teacher like me: Does race, ethnicity or gender matter?. American Economic Review, 95(2), 158-165.
  • Durmuş, M. (2021), Temsili Bürokrasi Sıfır Toplamlı Bir Oyun Mudur? Literatür Kapsamında Bir Değerlendirme, Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi DergisiYıl: 2021 Cilt- : 14(1) ss: 68-81.
  • Gade, D. M., ve Wilkins, V. M. (2013). Where did You Serve? Veteran Identity, Representative Bureaucracy and Vocational Rehabilitation. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 23(2), 267-288.
  • Grissom J. A., Kern, E. C. ve Rodriguez, L. A., (2015, Haziran). The “ Representative Bureaucracy” in Education: Educator Workforce Diversity, Policy Outputs, and Outcomes for Disadvantaged Students, Educational Researcher, Vol. 44 No. 3, pp. 185–192, DOI: 10.3102/0013189X15580102. Grissom, J. A., and Keiser, L. (2011). A Supervisor like Me: Race, Representation, and the Satisfaction and Turnover Decisions of Public Sector Employees. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 30(3), 557-580. Hong, S. (2015). Representative Bureaucracy, Organizational Integrity, and Citizen Coproduction: Does an Increase in Police Ethnic Representativeness Reduce Crime? Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 35(1), 11–33. doi:10.1002/pam.21876 Hameş, Ö. (2021), Temsili Bürokrasi Uygulamaları ve Türkiye, Paradigma Akademi, Çanakkale.
  • Keiser, L.R. (2010). Represantative Bureaucracy. The Oxford Handbook of American Bureaucracy, edited by Robert F. Durant, 714-37. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  • Kingsley, J. D. (1944). Representative Bureaucracy: An interpretation of the British Civil Service. Ohio: The Antioch Press.
  • Meier, K. J., Stewart, J., Jr., & England, R. E. (1990). Race, class, and education: The politics of secondgeneration discrimination. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
  • Meier, K. J., & Stewart, J. J., Jr. (1992). The impact of representative bureaucracies: Educational systems and public policies. American Review of Public Administration, 22, 157-171.
  • Moscovich, L. (2016, September). Improving Service Delivery to Women? Legislative and Bureaucratic Representation, Political Contestation, and Subnational Education Outcomes in Argentina1, Paper prepared for the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Philadelphia, PA, September 2, 2016.
  • Norma M. Riccucci and Greg G. Van Ryzin. (2017), Representative Bureaucracy: A Lever to Enhance Social Equity, Coproduction, and Democracy, Article in Public Administration Review · January 2017 DOI: 10.1111/puar.12649
  • Öztürk, Namık Kemal (2017), Bürokrasi-Siyaset İlişkileri ve Türkiye, Siyasal Kitabevi, Ankara.
  • Öztürk, N. K. ve Hameş, Ö. (2018), Kanada’da Temsili Bürokrasi Uygulamaları, Strategic Public Management Journal Volume 4, Issue 8, pp.81-94.
  • Seung-Ho An, Song, M. ve Meier, K. J. (2021), Representative bureaucracy and the policy environment: Gender representation in Forty-Four countries, First published: 11 October 2021 https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12789
  • Theobald, Nick A. and Donald P. Haider-Markel . (2009), Race, Bureaucracy, and Symbolic Representation: Interactions between Citizens and Police . Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 19 ( 2 ): 409 – 426.
  • Woo, K. H. (2015, Feb.). Representatıve Bureaucracy: The Malaysıan Perspectıve, International Journal of Political Science, Law and International Relations (IJPSLIR) ISSN(P): 2278–8832; ISSN€: 2278–8840 Vol. 5, Issue 1, pp.11-22.
There are 21 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Policy and Administration (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Özge Demirel

Namık Kemal Öztürk

Early Pub Date December 23, 2023
Publication Date December 26, 2023
Submission Date December 27, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 9 Issue: 16

Cite

APA Demirel, Ö., & Öztürk, N. K. (2023). Temsili Bürokrasi ve Vatandaş Katılımı. Strategic Public Management Journal, 9(16), 86-100. https://doi.org/10.25069/spmj.1265896

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