Opinion Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Analyzing the causes of the Yemen crisis in the Middle East in the 21st century with a focus on the typology of the national interests of Iran, Arabia, and America in it (2015-2022)

Year 2023, Volume: 15 Issue: 4, 265 - 292, 23.01.2024
https://doi.org/10.47932/ortetut.1342114

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to analyze the causes of the Yemen crisis by focusing on the national interests governing the relations between Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United States. If the cooperation or non-cooperation of actors over national interests does not lead to conflict, the national interests are parallel. If there are conflicts between them to achieve the national interest, they have conflicts of interest. If they cooperate in achieving national interests, they have a common national interest. And if the intensity of the conflict between actors is less profound than the conflicting national interest and they seek areas of influence for themselves, their national interests are of a discordant kind. Accordingly, the research raises the question of the causes of the Yemen crisis by focusing on the conflicting, parallel, common and discordant national interests of Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United States in the 21st-century Yemen crisis in the Middle East? By collecting documentary information and explanatory research methodology, Firstly, it sees the cause of the crisis in the common national interests of Saudi Arabia and the United States and sees al-Qaeda's security, energy, and counterterrorism as the triangle of the Yemen crisis, a handicap for the cause The second cause of the crisis is the discordant national interests of Iran and Saudi Arabia and considers the confrontation of The Discourse of Iranian Shia Islam and the Saudi Salafi Islamic discourse in the Yemen crisis as also disabled for the cause. And the last cause of the Yemen crisis is Iran's conflicting national interests with the United States, and its effect is to deter Iran from infiltrating the 21st-century Middle East Yemen crisis.

References

  • Ahmadi, Hamid, and Afsaneh Khosravi. ‘The Anatomy of Saudi Invasion Of Yemen: Geopolitics, Domestic Crisis Milieu and International Politics’. POLITICS QUARTERLY 46, no. 4 (1 January 2017): 817–38.
  • Alipoor, Javad, Sajad Gheytasi, and Mehdi Darabi. ‘The Futurology of Yemeni Crisis in Terms of Scenario Writing’. Defensive Future Study 3, no. 8001138 (1 January 2018): 51–71.
  • Amiri, Suroush, and Javad Kiani. ‘The Internal, Regional and Transnational Origin of the Yemeni Geopolitical Crisis’. Journal of Political Strategy 1, no. 2 (22 November 2017): 25–57.
  • Amouri, Abdul Hossein. ‘Study and Analysis of the Contexts and Goals of Al Saud’s Belligerence in Yemen’. Journal of Politics and Media History 2, no. 3 (2019): 345–68.
  • Ataei, Farhad, and Mohammad Mansouri Moghaddam. ‘Genealogy Of The Foreign Policy Of Saudi Arabia: A Realist Strategy on The Basis Of Identity’. FOREIGN RELATIONS 5, no. 1 (1 January 2013): 133–68.
  • Bozorgmehri, Majid, and Shahla Najafi. ‘Analysis of China-Russia Strategy in the Yemeni Crisis; Alignment with Saudi Arabia or Iran’. Foreign Relations Quarterly 11, no. 2 (23 August 2019): 131–59.
  • Brehony, Noel. ‘Yemen and the Huthis: Genesis of the 2015 Crisis’. Asian Affairs 46, no. 2 (4 May 2015): 232–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/03068374.2 015.1037162.
  • Chitsazian, Mohammad Reza, and Seyed Mohammad Ali Taghavi. ‘An Iranian Perspective on Iran–US Relations: Idealists Versus Materialists’. Strategic Analysis 43, no. 1 (2 January 2019): 28–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 09700161.2019.1569329.
  • Dashiri, Mohammad Reza, and Mojtaba Hosseini Fahrji. ‘The Future Study of The Regional Strategy of The Islamic Republic of Iran in The Light of The Evolution of The Yemen Crisis’. Political and International Approaches 11, no. 3 (2019): 147–74.
  • Davis, Wayne A. ‘The Causal Theory of Action’. In A Companion to the Philosophy of Action, edited by Timothy O’Connor and Constantine Sandis, 1st ed., 32–39. Wiley, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444323528.ch5.
  • Dehbaneh, Majid Rouhi, and Nader Yaghoubi. ‘A Study of the Iran-Saudi Arabia Conflict in Yemen with the Political Psychological Approach’. Journal of Islamic Revolution Studies 18, no. 64 (10 April 2021): 89–110.
  • Dehghani Firouzabadi, Seyed Jalal. Foreign Policy of The Islamic Republic of Iran. 8th ed. Tehran: Sedam Publications, 2017. https://samt.ac.ir/ en/book/2382/foreign-policy-of-the-islamic-republic-of-iran. ———. Generalities of International Relations. Tehran: Audience کتاب-کليات-/11224285/Publications, 2016. https://www.gisoom.com/book ./روابط-بين-الملل
  • Dermawan, Rifki. ‘The National Interest Concept in a Globalised International System’. Indonesian Journal of International Relations 3, no. 2 (16 March 2020): 30–45. https://doi.org/10.32787/ijir.v3i2.101.
  • Fawzi, Yahya. Imam Khomeini’s Political Thought. 22nd ed. Tehran: کتاب-/11146288/Maaref Publications, 2015. https://www.gisoom.com/book ./انديشه-سياسی-امام-خمينی-ره
  • Fink, Martin D. ‘Naval Blockade and the Humanitarian Crisis in Yemen’. Netherlands International Law Review 64, no. 2 (1 July 2017): 291–307. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40802-017-0092-3.
  • Firouzkalai, Abdul Karim. ‘An Analysis of The Most Important Reasons for The Military Invasion of Yemen by The Coalition Led by Saudi Arabia’. Epistemic Religious Flow In The International Arena 7, no. 3 (2015): 159–90.
  • Hagström, Linus, and Karl Gustafsson. ‘Narrative Power: How Storytelling Shapes East Asian International Politics’. Cambridge Review of International Affairs 32, no. 4 (4 July 2019): 387–406. https://doi.org/10.1080/09557571.2 .019.1623498.
  • Heidari, Saman, and Mohammad R. Sheikhizadeh. ‘Magiran | The Requirements for the Strategic Presence of the Islamic Republic of Iran in Yemen from a Geopolitical Point of View’. International Journal of Nations Research 4, no. 41 (n.d.): 7–24.
  • Hemmati, Morteza, Shahrooz Ebrahimi, and Mahnaz Goodarzi. ‘Saudi Arabia’s Balancing Policy with Iran in Yemen’. Spatial Planning 10, no. 1 (20 March 2020): 105–22. https://doi.org/10.22108/sppl.2019.119020.1420.
  • Hinnebusch, Raymond A. Foreign policy of Middle East countries. Translated by Rahman Kahramanpour and Morteza Sabah. Imam Sadegh کتاب-سياست-/1751774/University Press, 2020. https://www.gisoom.com/book ./خارجی-کشورهای-خاورميانه.
  • Hosseinzadeh, Seyed Mohammad Ali, and Mehrshad Qaffarizadeh. ‘The War between Yemen and Al-Qaeda in Arabian Peninsula (2016-2015)’. Political Science 20, no. issue 77 (22 June 2017): 129–49. https://doi. org/10.22081/psq.2017.63784.
  • Iqbal, Khalid. ‘Yemen Crisis and Pakistan: A Holistic Overview’. Policy Perspectives 12, no. 2 (2015): 61–80. https://doi.org/10.13169/ polipers.12.2.0061.
  • Karimi, Elham, Sohrab Salahi, and Abomohammad Asgarkhani. ‘The Yemeni crisis and the international responsibility of the United Nations’. POLITICAL AND INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND RESEARCH QUARTERLY 12, no. 44 (September 2020). https://doi.org/10.30495/ pir.2020.680009.
  • Katzman, Kenneth. ‘Iran’s Foreign and Defense Policies’. Congressional Research Service, 2015. https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/ R44017.
  • Marzouk, Mohamed Mahmoud. ‘The Yemeni Crisis and its Repercussions on US-Saudi Relations during the Period from (2011-2016)’. almajalat aleilmiat lildirasat altijariat walbiyiya 10, no. 1 (1 January 2019): 159–86. https://doi.org/10.21608/jces.2019.50391.
  • Metea, Ileana-Gentilia. ‘National Interest, Terminology and Directions of Approach’. International Conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 26, no. 1 (1 June 2020): 75–79. https://doi.org/10.2478/ kbo-2020-0011.
  • Mohebi, Mohammad, Vahid Farid, Hasti Koosha, and Mehdi Kordy. ‘Studying Legal Aspects of Saudi Arabia’s Military Intervention in Yemen with Emphasis on the Security Council 2216 Resolution’. International Studies Journal (ISJ) 12, no. 4 (20 April 2016): 39–58.
  • Moshirzadeh, Homeira. Development in International Relations Theories. Tehran: Semt Publications, 2020. https://www.gisoom.com/book/11284530/ ./کتاب-تحول-در-نظريه-های-روابط-بين-الملل
  • Nejat, Seyed Ali. ‘Saudi Arabia’s Military Invasion of Yemen; Reasons and Consequences’. Research Journal of Contemporary Thought 2, no. 2 .42–20 :)2019(
  • Nejat, Seyed Ali, Raziyeh Musavi, and Mohammadreza Saremi. ‘Saudi Arabia and the Islamic Republic of Iran Strategy towards the Crisis in Yemen’. Research Letter of International Relations 9, no. 33 (21 June 2016): 137–79.
  • Niakouee, Seyed Amir, and Ehsan Hejazi. ‘The Exploration of Security Crisiss in Yemen: Causes and Contexts’. POLITICAL AND INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND RESEARCH QUARTERLY 8, no. 28 (1 January 2016): .62–39.
  • Perkins, Brian M. ‘Yemen: Between Revolution and Regression’. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 40, no. 4 (3 April 2017): 300–317. https://doi.org/10. 1080/1057610X.2016.1205368.
  • Popp, Roland. ‘War in Yemen: Revolution and Saudi Intervention’. ETH- Zürich: CSS Analyses in Security Policy, 2015.
  • Qasemi, Farhad, Mohammad Hossein Jamshidi, and Sajjad Mohseni. ‘Saudi Arabia and Integrated Deterrence Against Islamic Republic of Iran’. Strategic Studies Quarterly 21, no. 81 (21 December 2018): 135–60.
  • Sadeghi, Hossein, and Hasan Ahmadian. ‘Changing Yemen’s Regional Status: Possibilities and Challenges’. Rahbord 19, no. 56 (1 January 2010): .80–253.
  • Serr, Marcel. ‘Understanding the War in Yemen’. Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs 11, no. 3 (2 September 2017): 357–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/23739 .770.2017.1419405.
  • Shadlou, Shahideh. ‘Reviewing the Saudi Attack on Yemen as a Recent Crisis in the Persian Gulf Region with an Emphasis on International Law Standards’. Persian Gulf Studies Quarterly 1, no. 4 (2014): 54–72.
  • Shahidani, Mahdi Hedayati, and Mohammadreza Babaee. ‘The Fragile Coalition and Political Competition between UAE and Saudi Arabia in Yemen (2015-2020)’. Quarterly of Political Strategic Studies 10, no. 38 (December 2021): 227–54. https://doi.org/10.22054/qpss.2021.56691.2700.
  • Soleimani, Zahra, and Ali Mohammad Salehi. ‘The Role of the Zionist Regime in the Yemeni Crisis and the Media Requirements’. JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL MEDIA RESEARCH LETTERS 6, no. 2002188 (1 January .55–33 :)2022.
  • Soltani, Farzad, Mahdi Javdani Moqaddam, and Ali Reza Beygi. ‘The Future Study of France Foreign and Defense Policy in Yemeni Crisis and Its Effect on the National Security of the Islamic Republic of Iran’. International Studies Journal (ISJ) 17, no. 4 (21 March 2021): 27–45. https://doi. org/10.22034/isj.2021.266735.1354.
  • Świętek, Hubert. ‘The Yemen War: A Proxy War, or a Self-Fulfilling Prophecy?’ The Polish Quarterly of International Affairs, no. 2 (2017). http:// cejsh.icm.edu.pl/cejsh/element/bwmeta1.element.desklight-55032049-03a4- 4719-a7d9-7e142a8f2f00.
  • Taheri, Abolghasem. Research Methodology in Political Science. Tehran: کتاب-/11120519/Gums Publications, 2015. https://www.gisoom.com/book ./روش-تحقيق-در-علوم-سياسی
  • Teimoori, Rohollah, Hasan Abdollahzadeh, and Mohammad Agah. ‘Confrontation Between Iran and Saudi Foreign Policy in The Crisis in Yemen With Constructivist’. Journal of Islamic Awakening Studies 5, no. 10 (22 October 2016): 82–98.
  • Williams, Michael C. ‘What Is the National Interest? The Neoconservative Challenge in IR Theory’. European Journal of International Relations 11, no. 3 (1 September 2005): 307–37. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066105055482. Yamani, Mai. ‘The Two Faces of Saudi Arabia’. Survival 50, no. 1 (March 2008): 143–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/00396330801899488.
  • Yazdan Fam, Mahmoud. Review of Foreign Policy Texts of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Tehran: Research Institute of Strategic Studies, 2012. https:// کتاب-بررسی-متون-سياست-خارجی-جمهوری-/11013865/www.gisoom.com/book ./اسلامی-ايران
  • Yazdani, Enayat Allah, and Seyed Saied Hassanzadeh. ‘Foreign Policy Towards The Yemen Crisis (2011-2015)’. POLITICAL QUARTERLY 48, no. 4 (22 December 2018): 1075–92. https://doi.org/10.22059/ jpq.2018.217749.1006913.
  • Yazdani, Enayatollah, and Rizwan Hussain. ‘United States’ Policy towards Iran after the Islamic Revolution: An Iranian Perspective’. International Studies 43, no. 3 (1 April 2006): 267–89. https://doi. org/10.1177/002088170604300302.
  • Zakeri, Mehdi. ‘Davidson’s Causal Theory of Action’. Existence and Knowledge 0, no. 11 (22 December 2006): 3–20.
  • Zanganeh, Peyman, and Somaye Hamidi. ‘The Nature of Logics Ruling Interactions of Iran and Saudi Arabia in the Yemen Crisis’. Political Strategic Studies 5, no. 18 (21 November 2016): 143–69. https://doi.org/10.22054/ qpss.2016.6801.

İran, Arabistan ve Amerika'n Ulusal Çıkarları Tipolojisi Bağlamında, 21. yüzyıl Orta Doğu'sundaki Yemen Krizinin Nedenlerinin Analizi

Year 2023, Volume: 15 Issue: 4, 265 - 292, 23.01.2024
https://doi.org/10.47932/ortetut.1342114

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, İran, Suudi Arabistan ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri arasındaki ilişkileri yönlendiren ulusal çıkarlara odaklanarak Yemen krizinin nedenlerini analiz etmektir. Aktörlerin ulusal çıkarlar doğrultusunda işbirliği yapması veya işbirliği yapmaması çatışmaya yol açmıyorsa, ulusal çıkarlar paraleldir. Ulusal çıkarları elde etmek için aralarında çatışmalar varsa, çıkar çatışmaları vardır. Ulusal çıkarları elde etmek için işbirliği yapıyorlarsa, ortak ulusal çıkarları vardır. Ve eğer aktörler arasındaki çatışmanın yoğunluğu çatışan ulusal çıkarın derinliğinden daha az ise ve kendileri için etki alanları arıyorlarsa, ulusal çıkarları uyumsuz bir türdedir. Bu bağlamda, araştırma Orta Doğu'daki 21. yüzyıl Yemen krizinde İran, Suudi Arabistan ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin çatışan, paralel, ortak ve uyumsuz ulusal çıkarlarına odaklanarak Yemen krizinin nedenlerini sorgulamaktadır. Belgesel bilgi toplama ve açıklayıcı araştırma yöntemi ile öncelikle krizin nedenini Suudi Arabistan ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin ortak ulusal çıkarlarında görür ve el-Kaide'nin güvenliği, enerjisi ve karşıterörizmi Yemen krizinin üçgeni olarak görür. Krizin ikinci nedeni, İran'ın Suudi Arabistan ile uyumsuz ulusal çıkarlarıdır ve İran Şii İslam ve Suudi Salafi İslam söyleminin Yemen krizindeki karşılaşması da bu sebep için devre dışı bırakıcı olarak kabul edilir. Ve Yemen krizinin son nedeni, İran'ın Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ile çatışan ulusal çıkarlarıdır ve etkisi, İran'ı 21. yüzyıl Orta Doğu Yemen krizine müdahale etmekten caydırmaktır.

References

  • Ahmadi, Hamid, and Afsaneh Khosravi. ‘The Anatomy of Saudi Invasion Of Yemen: Geopolitics, Domestic Crisis Milieu and International Politics’. POLITICS QUARTERLY 46, no. 4 (1 January 2017): 817–38.
  • Alipoor, Javad, Sajad Gheytasi, and Mehdi Darabi. ‘The Futurology of Yemeni Crisis in Terms of Scenario Writing’. Defensive Future Study 3, no. 8001138 (1 January 2018): 51–71.
  • Amiri, Suroush, and Javad Kiani. ‘The Internal, Regional and Transnational Origin of the Yemeni Geopolitical Crisis’. Journal of Political Strategy 1, no. 2 (22 November 2017): 25–57.
  • Amouri, Abdul Hossein. ‘Study and Analysis of the Contexts and Goals of Al Saud’s Belligerence in Yemen’. Journal of Politics and Media History 2, no. 3 (2019): 345–68.
  • Ataei, Farhad, and Mohammad Mansouri Moghaddam. ‘Genealogy Of The Foreign Policy Of Saudi Arabia: A Realist Strategy on The Basis Of Identity’. FOREIGN RELATIONS 5, no. 1 (1 January 2013): 133–68.
  • Bozorgmehri, Majid, and Shahla Najafi. ‘Analysis of China-Russia Strategy in the Yemeni Crisis; Alignment with Saudi Arabia or Iran’. Foreign Relations Quarterly 11, no. 2 (23 August 2019): 131–59.
  • Brehony, Noel. ‘Yemen and the Huthis: Genesis of the 2015 Crisis’. Asian Affairs 46, no. 2 (4 May 2015): 232–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/03068374.2 015.1037162.
  • Chitsazian, Mohammad Reza, and Seyed Mohammad Ali Taghavi. ‘An Iranian Perspective on Iran–US Relations: Idealists Versus Materialists’. Strategic Analysis 43, no. 1 (2 January 2019): 28–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 09700161.2019.1569329.
  • Dashiri, Mohammad Reza, and Mojtaba Hosseini Fahrji. ‘The Future Study of The Regional Strategy of The Islamic Republic of Iran in The Light of The Evolution of The Yemen Crisis’. Political and International Approaches 11, no. 3 (2019): 147–74.
  • Davis, Wayne A. ‘The Causal Theory of Action’. In A Companion to the Philosophy of Action, edited by Timothy O’Connor and Constantine Sandis, 1st ed., 32–39. Wiley, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444323528.ch5.
  • Dehbaneh, Majid Rouhi, and Nader Yaghoubi. ‘A Study of the Iran-Saudi Arabia Conflict in Yemen with the Political Psychological Approach’. Journal of Islamic Revolution Studies 18, no. 64 (10 April 2021): 89–110.
  • Dehghani Firouzabadi, Seyed Jalal. Foreign Policy of The Islamic Republic of Iran. 8th ed. Tehran: Sedam Publications, 2017. https://samt.ac.ir/ en/book/2382/foreign-policy-of-the-islamic-republic-of-iran. ———. Generalities of International Relations. Tehran: Audience کتاب-کليات-/11224285/Publications, 2016. https://www.gisoom.com/book ./روابط-بين-الملل
  • Dermawan, Rifki. ‘The National Interest Concept in a Globalised International System’. Indonesian Journal of International Relations 3, no. 2 (16 March 2020): 30–45. https://doi.org/10.32787/ijir.v3i2.101.
  • Fawzi, Yahya. Imam Khomeini’s Political Thought. 22nd ed. Tehran: کتاب-/11146288/Maaref Publications, 2015. https://www.gisoom.com/book ./انديشه-سياسی-امام-خمينی-ره
  • Fink, Martin D. ‘Naval Blockade and the Humanitarian Crisis in Yemen’. Netherlands International Law Review 64, no. 2 (1 July 2017): 291–307. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40802-017-0092-3.
  • Firouzkalai, Abdul Karim. ‘An Analysis of The Most Important Reasons for The Military Invasion of Yemen by The Coalition Led by Saudi Arabia’. Epistemic Religious Flow In The International Arena 7, no. 3 (2015): 159–90.
  • Hagström, Linus, and Karl Gustafsson. ‘Narrative Power: How Storytelling Shapes East Asian International Politics’. Cambridge Review of International Affairs 32, no. 4 (4 July 2019): 387–406. https://doi.org/10.1080/09557571.2 .019.1623498.
  • Heidari, Saman, and Mohammad R. Sheikhizadeh. ‘Magiran | The Requirements for the Strategic Presence of the Islamic Republic of Iran in Yemen from a Geopolitical Point of View’. International Journal of Nations Research 4, no. 41 (n.d.): 7–24.
  • Hemmati, Morteza, Shahrooz Ebrahimi, and Mahnaz Goodarzi. ‘Saudi Arabia’s Balancing Policy with Iran in Yemen’. Spatial Planning 10, no. 1 (20 March 2020): 105–22. https://doi.org/10.22108/sppl.2019.119020.1420.
  • Hinnebusch, Raymond A. Foreign policy of Middle East countries. Translated by Rahman Kahramanpour and Morteza Sabah. Imam Sadegh کتاب-سياست-/1751774/University Press, 2020. https://www.gisoom.com/book ./خارجی-کشورهای-خاورميانه.
  • Hosseinzadeh, Seyed Mohammad Ali, and Mehrshad Qaffarizadeh. ‘The War between Yemen and Al-Qaeda in Arabian Peninsula (2016-2015)’. Political Science 20, no. issue 77 (22 June 2017): 129–49. https://doi. org/10.22081/psq.2017.63784.
  • Iqbal, Khalid. ‘Yemen Crisis and Pakistan: A Holistic Overview’. Policy Perspectives 12, no. 2 (2015): 61–80. https://doi.org/10.13169/ polipers.12.2.0061.
  • Karimi, Elham, Sohrab Salahi, and Abomohammad Asgarkhani. ‘The Yemeni crisis and the international responsibility of the United Nations’. POLITICAL AND INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND RESEARCH QUARTERLY 12, no. 44 (September 2020). https://doi.org/10.30495/ pir.2020.680009.
  • Katzman, Kenneth. ‘Iran’s Foreign and Defense Policies’. Congressional Research Service, 2015. https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/ R44017.
  • Marzouk, Mohamed Mahmoud. ‘The Yemeni Crisis and its Repercussions on US-Saudi Relations during the Period from (2011-2016)’. almajalat aleilmiat lildirasat altijariat walbiyiya 10, no. 1 (1 January 2019): 159–86. https://doi.org/10.21608/jces.2019.50391.
  • Metea, Ileana-Gentilia. ‘National Interest, Terminology and Directions of Approach’. International Conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 26, no. 1 (1 June 2020): 75–79. https://doi.org/10.2478/ kbo-2020-0011.
  • Mohebi, Mohammad, Vahid Farid, Hasti Koosha, and Mehdi Kordy. ‘Studying Legal Aspects of Saudi Arabia’s Military Intervention in Yemen with Emphasis on the Security Council 2216 Resolution’. International Studies Journal (ISJ) 12, no. 4 (20 April 2016): 39–58.
  • Moshirzadeh, Homeira. Development in International Relations Theories. Tehran: Semt Publications, 2020. https://www.gisoom.com/book/11284530/ ./کتاب-تحول-در-نظريه-های-روابط-بين-الملل
  • Nejat, Seyed Ali. ‘Saudi Arabia’s Military Invasion of Yemen; Reasons and Consequences’. Research Journal of Contemporary Thought 2, no. 2 .42–20 :)2019(
  • Nejat, Seyed Ali, Raziyeh Musavi, and Mohammadreza Saremi. ‘Saudi Arabia and the Islamic Republic of Iran Strategy towards the Crisis in Yemen’. Research Letter of International Relations 9, no. 33 (21 June 2016): 137–79.
  • Niakouee, Seyed Amir, and Ehsan Hejazi. ‘The Exploration of Security Crisiss in Yemen: Causes and Contexts’. POLITICAL AND INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND RESEARCH QUARTERLY 8, no. 28 (1 January 2016): .62–39.
  • Perkins, Brian M. ‘Yemen: Between Revolution and Regression’. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 40, no. 4 (3 April 2017): 300–317. https://doi.org/10. 1080/1057610X.2016.1205368.
  • Popp, Roland. ‘War in Yemen: Revolution and Saudi Intervention’. ETH- Zürich: CSS Analyses in Security Policy, 2015.
  • Qasemi, Farhad, Mohammad Hossein Jamshidi, and Sajjad Mohseni. ‘Saudi Arabia and Integrated Deterrence Against Islamic Republic of Iran’. Strategic Studies Quarterly 21, no. 81 (21 December 2018): 135–60.
  • Sadeghi, Hossein, and Hasan Ahmadian. ‘Changing Yemen’s Regional Status: Possibilities and Challenges’. Rahbord 19, no. 56 (1 January 2010): .80–253.
  • Serr, Marcel. ‘Understanding the War in Yemen’. Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs 11, no. 3 (2 September 2017): 357–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/23739 .770.2017.1419405.
  • Shadlou, Shahideh. ‘Reviewing the Saudi Attack on Yemen as a Recent Crisis in the Persian Gulf Region with an Emphasis on International Law Standards’. Persian Gulf Studies Quarterly 1, no. 4 (2014): 54–72.
  • Shahidani, Mahdi Hedayati, and Mohammadreza Babaee. ‘The Fragile Coalition and Political Competition between UAE and Saudi Arabia in Yemen (2015-2020)’. Quarterly of Political Strategic Studies 10, no. 38 (December 2021): 227–54. https://doi.org/10.22054/qpss.2021.56691.2700.
  • Soleimani, Zahra, and Ali Mohammad Salehi. ‘The Role of the Zionist Regime in the Yemeni Crisis and the Media Requirements’. JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL MEDIA RESEARCH LETTERS 6, no. 2002188 (1 January .55–33 :)2022.
  • Soltani, Farzad, Mahdi Javdani Moqaddam, and Ali Reza Beygi. ‘The Future Study of France Foreign and Defense Policy in Yemeni Crisis and Its Effect on the National Security of the Islamic Republic of Iran’. International Studies Journal (ISJ) 17, no. 4 (21 March 2021): 27–45. https://doi. org/10.22034/isj.2021.266735.1354.
  • Świętek, Hubert. ‘The Yemen War: A Proxy War, or a Self-Fulfilling Prophecy?’ The Polish Quarterly of International Affairs, no. 2 (2017). http:// cejsh.icm.edu.pl/cejsh/element/bwmeta1.element.desklight-55032049-03a4- 4719-a7d9-7e142a8f2f00.
  • Taheri, Abolghasem. Research Methodology in Political Science. Tehran: کتاب-/11120519/Gums Publications, 2015. https://www.gisoom.com/book ./روش-تحقيق-در-علوم-سياسی
  • Teimoori, Rohollah, Hasan Abdollahzadeh, and Mohammad Agah. ‘Confrontation Between Iran and Saudi Foreign Policy in The Crisis in Yemen With Constructivist’. Journal of Islamic Awakening Studies 5, no. 10 (22 October 2016): 82–98.
  • Williams, Michael C. ‘What Is the National Interest? The Neoconservative Challenge in IR Theory’. European Journal of International Relations 11, no. 3 (1 September 2005): 307–37. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066105055482. Yamani, Mai. ‘The Two Faces of Saudi Arabia’. Survival 50, no. 1 (March 2008): 143–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/00396330801899488.
  • Yazdan Fam, Mahmoud. Review of Foreign Policy Texts of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Tehran: Research Institute of Strategic Studies, 2012. https:// کتاب-بررسی-متون-سياست-خارجی-جمهوری-/11013865/www.gisoom.com/book ./اسلامی-ايران
  • Yazdani, Enayat Allah, and Seyed Saied Hassanzadeh. ‘Foreign Policy Towards The Yemen Crisis (2011-2015)’. POLITICAL QUARTERLY 48, no. 4 (22 December 2018): 1075–92. https://doi.org/10.22059/ jpq.2018.217749.1006913.
  • Yazdani, Enayatollah, and Rizwan Hussain. ‘United States’ Policy towards Iran after the Islamic Revolution: An Iranian Perspective’. International Studies 43, no. 3 (1 April 2006): 267–89. https://doi. org/10.1177/002088170604300302.
  • Zakeri, Mehdi. ‘Davidson’s Causal Theory of Action’. Existence and Knowledge 0, no. 11 (22 December 2006): 3–20.
  • Zanganeh, Peyman, and Somaye Hamidi. ‘The Nature of Logics Ruling Interactions of Iran and Saudi Arabia in the Yemen Crisis’. Political Strategic Studies 5, no. 18 (21 November 2016): 143–69. https://doi.org/10.22054/ qpss.2016.6801.

تحليل أسباب أزمة اليمن في الشرق الأوسط في القرن الواحد والعشرين مع التركيز على تصنيف المصالح الوطنية لإيران والعرب وأمريكا فيها (2015-2022)

Year 2023, Volume: 15 Issue: 4, 265 - 292, 23.01.2024
https://doi.org/10.47932/ortetut.1342114

Abstract

هدف هذه الدراسة هو تحليل أسباب أزمة اليمن من خلال التركيز على المصالح الوطنية التي تحكم العلاقات بين إيران والمملكة العربية السعودية والولايات المتحدة. إذا لم يؤدي تعاون أو عدم تعاون الفاعلين فيما يتعلق بالمصالح الوطنية إلى نشوب صراع، فإن المصالح الوطنية متوازية. إذا كان هناك صراعات بينهم لتحقيق المصلحة الوطنية، فإن لديهم تعارض في المصالح. إذا تعاونوا في تحقيق المصالح الوطنية، فإن لديهم مصلحة وطنية مشتركة. وإذا كانت شدة الصراع بين الفاعلين أقل عمقًا من المصلحة الوطنية المتعارضة وكانوا يبحثون عن مناطق تأثير لأنفسهم، فإن مصالحهم الوطنية تكون من نوع غير متناغم. وبناءً على ذلك، تطرح البحث مسألة أسباب أزمة اليمن من خلال التركيز على المصالح الوطنية المتنازعة والمتوازية والمشتركة والغير متناغمة لإيران والمملكة العربية السعودية والولايات المتحدة في أزمة اليمن في القرن الواحد والعشرين في الشرق الأوسط؟ من خلال جمع المعلومات الوثائقية ومنهج البحث التوضيحي، ترى أولاً أن سبب الأزمة يكمن في المصالح الوطنية المشتركة بين المملكة العربية السعودية والولايات المتحدة وتعتبر أمان القاعدة والطاقة ومكافحة الإرهاب ثلاثية أزمة اليمن، عائقًا أمام السبب. السبب الثاني للأزمة هو تعارض المصالح الوطنية بين إيران والمملكة العربية السعودية وتعتبر مواجهة خطاب الشيعة الإيراني والخطاب السلفي السعودي في أزمة اليمن أيضًا عائقًا أمام السبب. وآخر سبب لأزمة اليمن هو تعارض المصالح الوطنية لإيران مع الولايات المتحدة، وتأثيرها هو تثبيت إيران عن التسلل إلى أزمة اليمن في القرن الواحد والعشرين في الشرق الأوسط.

References

  • Ahmadi, Hamid, and Afsaneh Khosravi. ‘The Anatomy of Saudi Invasion Of Yemen: Geopolitics, Domestic Crisis Milieu and International Politics’. POLITICS QUARTERLY 46, no. 4 (1 January 2017): 817–38.
  • Alipoor, Javad, Sajad Gheytasi, and Mehdi Darabi. ‘The Futurology of Yemeni Crisis in Terms of Scenario Writing’. Defensive Future Study 3, no. 8001138 (1 January 2018): 51–71.
  • Amiri, Suroush, and Javad Kiani. ‘The Internal, Regional and Transnational Origin of the Yemeni Geopolitical Crisis’. Journal of Political Strategy 1, no. 2 (22 November 2017): 25–57.
  • Amouri, Abdul Hossein. ‘Study and Analysis of the Contexts and Goals of Al Saud’s Belligerence in Yemen’. Journal of Politics and Media History 2, no. 3 (2019): 345–68.
  • Ataei, Farhad, and Mohammad Mansouri Moghaddam. ‘Genealogy Of The Foreign Policy Of Saudi Arabia: A Realist Strategy on The Basis Of Identity’. FOREIGN RELATIONS 5, no. 1 (1 January 2013): 133–68.
  • Bozorgmehri, Majid, and Shahla Najafi. ‘Analysis of China-Russia Strategy in the Yemeni Crisis; Alignment with Saudi Arabia or Iran’. Foreign Relations Quarterly 11, no. 2 (23 August 2019): 131–59.
  • Brehony, Noel. ‘Yemen and the Huthis: Genesis of the 2015 Crisis’. Asian Affairs 46, no. 2 (4 May 2015): 232–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/03068374.2 015.1037162.
  • Chitsazian, Mohammad Reza, and Seyed Mohammad Ali Taghavi. ‘An Iranian Perspective on Iran–US Relations: Idealists Versus Materialists’. Strategic Analysis 43, no. 1 (2 January 2019): 28–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 09700161.2019.1569329.
  • Dashiri, Mohammad Reza, and Mojtaba Hosseini Fahrji. ‘The Future Study of The Regional Strategy of The Islamic Republic of Iran in The Light of The Evolution of The Yemen Crisis’. Political and International Approaches 11, no. 3 (2019): 147–74.
  • Davis, Wayne A. ‘The Causal Theory of Action’. In A Companion to the Philosophy of Action, edited by Timothy O’Connor and Constantine Sandis, 1st ed., 32–39. Wiley, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444323528.ch5.
  • Dehbaneh, Majid Rouhi, and Nader Yaghoubi. ‘A Study of the Iran-Saudi Arabia Conflict in Yemen with the Political Psychological Approach’. Journal of Islamic Revolution Studies 18, no. 64 (10 April 2021): 89–110.
  • Dehghani Firouzabadi, Seyed Jalal. Foreign Policy of The Islamic Republic of Iran. 8th ed. Tehran: Sedam Publications, 2017. https://samt.ac.ir/ en/book/2382/foreign-policy-of-the-islamic-republic-of-iran. ———. Generalities of International Relations. Tehran: Audience کتاب-کليات-/11224285/Publications, 2016. https://www.gisoom.com/book ./روابط-بين-الملل
  • Dermawan, Rifki. ‘The National Interest Concept in a Globalised International System’. Indonesian Journal of International Relations 3, no. 2 (16 March 2020): 30–45. https://doi.org/10.32787/ijir.v3i2.101.
  • Fawzi, Yahya. Imam Khomeini’s Political Thought. 22nd ed. Tehran: کتاب-/11146288/Maaref Publications, 2015. https://www.gisoom.com/book ./انديشه-سياسی-امام-خمينی-ره
  • Fink, Martin D. ‘Naval Blockade and the Humanitarian Crisis in Yemen’. Netherlands International Law Review 64, no. 2 (1 July 2017): 291–307. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40802-017-0092-3.
  • Firouzkalai, Abdul Karim. ‘An Analysis of The Most Important Reasons for The Military Invasion of Yemen by The Coalition Led by Saudi Arabia’. Epistemic Religious Flow In The International Arena 7, no. 3 (2015): 159–90.
  • Hagström, Linus, and Karl Gustafsson. ‘Narrative Power: How Storytelling Shapes East Asian International Politics’. Cambridge Review of International Affairs 32, no. 4 (4 July 2019): 387–406. https://doi.org/10.1080/09557571.2 .019.1623498.
  • Heidari, Saman, and Mohammad R. Sheikhizadeh. ‘Magiran | The Requirements for the Strategic Presence of the Islamic Republic of Iran in Yemen from a Geopolitical Point of View’. International Journal of Nations Research 4, no. 41 (n.d.): 7–24.
  • Hemmati, Morteza, Shahrooz Ebrahimi, and Mahnaz Goodarzi. ‘Saudi Arabia’s Balancing Policy with Iran in Yemen’. Spatial Planning 10, no. 1 (20 March 2020): 105–22. https://doi.org/10.22108/sppl.2019.119020.1420.
  • Hinnebusch, Raymond A. Foreign policy of Middle East countries. Translated by Rahman Kahramanpour and Morteza Sabah. Imam Sadegh کتاب-سياست-/1751774/University Press, 2020. https://www.gisoom.com/book ./خارجی-کشورهای-خاورميانه.
  • Hosseinzadeh, Seyed Mohammad Ali, and Mehrshad Qaffarizadeh. ‘The War between Yemen and Al-Qaeda in Arabian Peninsula (2016-2015)’. Political Science 20, no. issue 77 (22 June 2017): 129–49. https://doi. org/10.22081/psq.2017.63784.
  • Iqbal, Khalid. ‘Yemen Crisis and Pakistan: A Holistic Overview’. Policy Perspectives 12, no. 2 (2015): 61–80. https://doi.org/10.13169/ polipers.12.2.0061.
  • Karimi, Elham, Sohrab Salahi, and Abomohammad Asgarkhani. ‘The Yemeni crisis and the international responsibility of the United Nations’. POLITICAL AND INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND RESEARCH QUARTERLY 12, no. 44 (September 2020). https://doi.org/10.30495/ pir.2020.680009.
  • Katzman, Kenneth. ‘Iran’s Foreign and Defense Policies’. Congressional Research Service, 2015. https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/ R44017.
  • Marzouk, Mohamed Mahmoud. ‘The Yemeni Crisis and its Repercussions on US-Saudi Relations during the Period from (2011-2016)’. almajalat aleilmiat lildirasat altijariat walbiyiya 10, no. 1 (1 January 2019): 159–86. https://doi.org/10.21608/jces.2019.50391.
  • Metea, Ileana-Gentilia. ‘National Interest, Terminology and Directions of Approach’. International Conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 26, no. 1 (1 June 2020): 75–79. https://doi.org/10.2478/ kbo-2020-0011.
  • Mohebi, Mohammad, Vahid Farid, Hasti Koosha, and Mehdi Kordy. ‘Studying Legal Aspects of Saudi Arabia’s Military Intervention in Yemen with Emphasis on the Security Council 2216 Resolution’. International Studies Journal (ISJ) 12, no. 4 (20 April 2016): 39–58.
  • Moshirzadeh, Homeira. Development in International Relations Theories. Tehran: Semt Publications, 2020. https://www.gisoom.com/book/11284530/ ./کتاب-تحول-در-نظريه-های-روابط-بين-الملل
  • Nejat, Seyed Ali. ‘Saudi Arabia’s Military Invasion of Yemen; Reasons and Consequences’. Research Journal of Contemporary Thought 2, no. 2 .42–20 :)2019(
  • Nejat, Seyed Ali, Raziyeh Musavi, and Mohammadreza Saremi. ‘Saudi Arabia and the Islamic Republic of Iran Strategy towards the Crisis in Yemen’. Research Letter of International Relations 9, no. 33 (21 June 2016): 137–79.
  • Niakouee, Seyed Amir, and Ehsan Hejazi. ‘The Exploration of Security Crisiss in Yemen: Causes and Contexts’. POLITICAL AND INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND RESEARCH QUARTERLY 8, no. 28 (1 January 2016): .62–39.
  • Perkins, Brian M. ‘Yemen: Between Revolution and Regression’. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 40, no. 4 (3 April 2017): 300–317. https://doi.org/10. 1080/1057610X.2016.1205368.
  • Popp, Roland. ‘War in Yemen: Revolution and Saudi Intervention’. ETH- Zürich: CSS Analyses in Security Policy, 2015.
  • Qasemi, Farhad, Mohammad Hossein Jamshidi, and Sajjad Mohseni. ‘Saudi Arabia and Integrated Deterrence Against Islamic Republic of Iran’. Strategic Studies Quarterly 21, no. 81 (21 December 2018): 135–60.
  • Sadeghi, Hossein, and Hasan Ahmadian. ‘Changing Yemen’s Regional Status: Possibilities and Challenges’. Rahbord 19, no. 56 (1 January 2010): .80–253.
  • Serr, Marcel. ‘Understanding the War in Yemen’. Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs 11, no. 3 (2 September 2017): 357–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/23739 .770.2017.1419405.
  • Shadlou, Shahideh. ‘Reviewing the Saudi Attack on Yemen as a Recent Crisis in the Persian Gulf Region with an Emphasis on International Law Standards’. Persian Gulf Studies Quarterly 1, no. 4 (2014): 54–72.
  • Shahidani, Mahdi Hedayati, and Mohammadreza Babaee. ‘The Fragile Coalition and Political Competition between UAE and Saudi Arabia in Yemen (2015-2020)’. Quarterly of Political Strategic Studies 10, no. 38 (December 2021): 227–54. https://doi.org/10.22054/qpss.2021.56691.2700.
  • Soleimani, Zahra, and Ali Mohammad Salehi. ‘The Role of the Zionist Regime in the Yemeni Crisis and the Media Requirements’. JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL MEDIA RESEARCH LETTERS 6, no. 2002188 (1 January .55–33 :)2022.
  • Soltani, Farzad, Mahdi Javdani Moqaddam, and Ali Reza Beygi. ‘The Future Study of France Foreign and Defense Policy in Yemeni Crisis and Its Effect on the National Security of the Islamic Republic of Iran’. International Studies Journal (ISJ) 17, no. 4 (21 March 2021): 27–45. https://doi. org/10.22034/isj.2021.266735.1354.
  • Świętek, Hubert. ‘The Yemen War: A Proxy War, or a Self-Fulfilling Prophecy?’ The Polish Quarterly of International Affairs, no. 2 (2017). http:// cejsh.icm.edu.pl/cejsh/element/bwmeta1.element.desklight-55032049-03a4- 4719-a7d9-7e142a8f2f00.
  • Taheri, Abolghasem. Research Methodology in Political Science. Tehran: کتاب-/11120519/Gums Publications, 2015. https://www.gisoom.com/book ./روش-تحقيق-در-علوم-سياسی
  • Teimoori, Rohollah, Hasan Abdollahzadeh, and Mohammad Agah. ‘Confrontation Between Iran and Saudi Foreign Policy in The Crisis in Yemen With Constructivist’. Journal of Islamic Awakening Studies 5, no. 10 (22 October 2016): 82–98.
  • Williams, Michael C. ‘What Is the National Interest? The Neoconservative Challenge in IR Theory’. European Journal of International Relations 11, no. 3 (1 September 2005): 307–37. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066105055482. Yamani, Mai. ‘The Two Faces of Saudi Arabia’. Survival 50, no. 1 (March 2008): 143–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/00396330801899488.
  • Yazdan Fam, Mahmoud. Review of Foreign Policy Texts of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Tehran: Research Institute of Strategic Studies, 2012. https:// کتاب-بررسی-متون-سياست-خارجی-جمهوری-/11013865/www.gisoom.com/book ./اسلامی-ايران
  • Yazdani, Enayat Allah, and Seyed Saied Hassanzadeh. ‘Foreign Policy Towards The Yemen Crisis (2011-2015)’. POLITICAL QUARTERLY 48, no. 4 (22 December 2018): 1075–92. https://doi.org/10.22059/ jpq.2018.217749.1006913.
  • Yazdani, Enayatollah, and Rizwan Hussain. ‘United States’ Policy towards Iran after the Islamic Revolution: An Iranian Perspective’. International Studies 43, no. 3 (1 April 2006): 267–89. https://doi. org/10.1177/002088170604300302.
  • Zakeri, Mehdi. ‘Davidson’s Causal Theory of Action’. Existence and Knowledge 0, no. 11 (22 December 2006): 3–20.
  • Zanganeh, Peyman, and Somaye Hamidi. ‘The Nature of Logics Ruling Interactions of Iran and Saudi Arabia in the Yemen Crisis’. Political Strategic Studies 5, no. 18 (21 November 2016): 143–69. https://doi.org/10.22054/ qpss.2016.6801.
There are 49 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Middle East Studies
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Kerem Turk 0000-0002-8296-9098

Early Pub Date January 10, 2024
Publication Date January 23, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 15 Issue: 4

Cite

Chicago Turk, Kerem. “Analyzing the Causes of the Yemen Crisis in the Middle East in the 21st Century With a Focus on the Typology of the National Interests of Iran, Arabia, and America in It (2015-2022)”. Ortadoğu Etütleri 15, no. 4 (January 2024): 265-92. https://doi.org/10.47932/ortetut.1342114.

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

LOCKSS system is used as an archiving system for the preservation and restoration of data in this journal.