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The Barghawāṭian Mahdī and Prophet: An Evaluation of Ṣāliḥ ibn Ṭarīf’s Claims

Year 2022, Volume: 13 Issue: 2, 181 - 205, 31.03.2023

Muhammed Cihat Oruç

https://doi.org/10.12730/is.1151156
Cited By: 1

Abstract

Throughout the history of Islam, many people have emerged with the claim of being the Mahdī. One of the most remarkable of these claims is undoubtedly that of Ṣāliḥ ibn Ṭarīf, a member of the Berber Barghawāṭah tribe, in the mid-eighth century. According to sources, Ṣāliḥ ibn Ṭarīf became the leader of his tribe after the death of his father, declared himself both a prophet and a Mahdī in his time, and saw himself as a legitimate religious and earthly authority. Due to the scarcity of in-depth studies on Ibn Ṭarīf’s claim in the literature, this paper introduces his character in general and discusses his claim of being the Mahdī in particular. Furthermore, his claims are evaluated using a literature review and an analytical method. In this manner, it is hoped that the paper contributes to the literature on Mahdism and North African studies.

Keywords

Ṣāliḥ ibn Ṭarīf Barghawāṭa Mahdī prophethood

Project Number

2214-A Yurt Dışı Doktora Sırası Araştırma Burs Programı

References

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  • Ibn Manẓūr, Muḥammad ibn Mukarram ibn ʿAlī ibn Aḥmad ibn Manẓūr al-Anṣārī al-Ifrīqī al-Miṣrī al-Khazrajī. Lisān al-ʿArab. 15 vols. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1997.
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  • Iskander, John. “Devout Heretics: The Barghawata in Maghribi Historiography.” The Journal of North African Studies, 12, no.1 (2007): 37-53. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629380601099484.
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  • Loimeier, Roman. Muslim Societies in Africa: A Historical Anthropology. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2013.
  • MacDonald, D.B. “Mehdi.” In İslam Ansiklopedisi, Istanbul: Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı Yayınları, n.d., VII, 474-479.
  • Maddy-Weitzman, Bruce. The Berber Identity Movement and the Challenge to North Africa. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2011.
  • al-Maqarrī, Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Tilimsānī. Nafḥ al-ṭīb min ghuṣn al-Andalus al-raṭīb wa-dhikr wazīrihā Lisān al-Dīn ibn al-Khaṭīb. Edited by Iḥsān ʿAbbās. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1988.
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  • al-Nīsābūrī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Bayyiʾ Muḥammad al-Hākim. al-Mustadrak ʿalá l-Ṣaḥīḥayn. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 1990.
  • Norris, Harry Thirwall. The Berbers in Arabic Literature. Essex: Longman, 1982.
  • Nuʿaym ibn Ḥammād, Abū ʿAbd Allāh al-Khuzāʿī al-Marwazī. Kitāb al-Fitan. Edited by Suhayl Zakkār. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1424/2003.
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  • Sachedina, Abdulaziz. “Mahdī.” In Encyclopedia of Global Religion, edited by Mark Juergensmeyer, Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2012. II, 738.
  • al-Saṇʿānī, ʿAbd al-Razzāq ibn Hammām. al-Muṣannaf. Edited by Ḥabīb al-Raḥmān al-Aʿẓamī. 11 vols. Beirut: al-Maktab al-Islāmī, 1971–72.
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Year 2022, Volume: 13 Issue: 2, 181 - 205, 31.03.2023

Muhammed Cihat Oruç

https://doi.org/10.12730/is.1151156
Cited By: 1

Abstract

Supporting Institution

TÜBİTAK

Project Number

2214-A Yurt Dışı Doktora Sırası Araştırma Burs Programı

References

  • Abū l-Qāsim Rafīq Dilāvarī. Āʾimmah-yi talbīs. Lahore: Maktabah-yi Taʿmīr-i Insāniyat, 1975.
  • Abun-Nasr, Jamil M. A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
  • Adıgüzel, Adnan. “Bergavata: Mağrib’te Heterodoks Bir Berberi Fırkası,” Dicle Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 12, no.1 (2010): 1-21.
  • Amīn, Aḥmad. al-Mahdī wa-l-mahdawiyyah. Cairo: n.p., 1953.
  • Amīn, Aḥmad. Ḍuḥá l-Islām. Cairo: Maktabat al-Nahḍah al-Miṣriyyah, 1977.
  • Anonymous author. Kitāb al-Istibṣār fī ʿajāʾib al-amṣār: Waṣf Makkah wa-l-Madīnah wa-Miṣr wa-bilād al-Maghrib li-Kātib Marrākushī min al-qarn al-sādis al-hijrī. Edited by Saʿd Zaghlūl ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd. Dār al-Bayḍāʾ: Dār al-Nashr al-Maghribiyyah, 1985.
  • Arendonk, C. V. “İbn Havkal.” In İslam Ansiklopedisi, Istanbul: Milli Eğitim Basımevi, n.d., V, 747.
  • Arıkan, Adem. “Ebû Ubeyd el-Bekrî’ye Göre Bergavâta.” Milel ve Nihal 8, no. 2 (2011): 105-113.
  • Atçeken, İsmail Hakkı. “Târif b. Mâlik.” In Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi (DİA), XL, 29.
  • al-Bakrī, Abū ʿUbayd. Kitāb al-Masālik wa-l-mamālik. Edited by Adrian van Leeuwen and André Ferré. Tunis: al-Dār al-ʿArabiyyah li-l-Kitāb, 1992.
  • Basset, Rene. “Bergavata.” In İslam Ansiklopedisi, Istanbul: Milli Eğitim Basımevi, n.d. II, 539-541.
  • Biffle, Brian H. “Ṣāliḥ b. Ṭarīf (fl. eighth century CE).” In Dictionary of African Biography, edited by Henry Louis Gates et al., 252-253. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
  • Cook, David. “Mahdī.” In The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought, edited by Gerhard Bowering, 322-323. Princeton, Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2012.
  • Daftary, Farhad. “Hidden Imams and Mahdis in Ismaili History.” In Ismaili and Fatimid Studies in Honor of Paul E. Walker, edited by Bruce D. Craig, 1-22. Chicago: Middle East Documentation Center, 2010.
  • Deverdun, G. “Bargẖawāṭa.” In Encyclopédie Berbere. La Calade, France: Edisut, 1991, IX, 1360-1361. https://doi.org/10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.1294.
  • Ducène, Jean-Charles. “Ibn Ḥawqal.” In Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, edited by Kate Fleet et al. Consulted online on 25 December 2022 http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_30810.
  • Ducène, Jean Charles. “La Description Géographique de La Palestine Dans Le Kitāb Al‐Masālik Wa-l-Mamālik D’abū ʿUbayd Al‐Bakarī (m. 487/1094).” Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 62, no:3 (2003): 181–91. https://doi.org/10.1086/380316.
  • al-Fāsī, Abū l-Ḥassān ʿAlī ibn Abī Dharr. al-Anīs al-muṭrib bi-rawḍ al-qirṭās fī akhbār mulūk al-Maghrib wa-tārīkh madīnat Fās. Rabat: Dār al-Manṣūr, 1972.
  • García-Arenal, Mercedes. Messianism and Puritanical Reform: Mahdis of the Muslim West. Translated from the Spanish by Martin Beagles. Leiden, Boston: Brill, 2006.
  • Goldziher, Ignaz. al-ʿAqīdah wa-l-sharīʿah fī l-Islām. Translated by Muḥammad Yūsuf Mūsá et al. Cairo: n.p., 1336/1946.
  • González, Wenceslao Segura. “Tarif ibn Mallik.” Al Qantir: monografías y documentos sobre la historia de Tarifa 11 (2011): 36-55.
  • Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, Abū l-Faḍl Aḥmad ibn ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad al-Kinānī. Lisān al-Mīzān. Edited by ʿAbd al-Fattāḥ Abū Ghuddah. 10 vols. Beirut: Dār al-Bashāʾir al-Islāmiyyah, 2002.
  • Ibn Ḥawqal, Abū l-Qāsim Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī ibn Ḥawqal al-Naṣībī. Kitāb Ṣūrat al-arḍ. Beirut: Maktabat al-Ḥayāh, 1996.
  • Ibn Ḥazm, Abū Muḥammad ʿAlī ibn Aḥmad ibn Saʿīd. Kitāb al-Faṣl fī l-milal wa-l-ahwāʾ wa-l-niḥal. Edited by M. Ibrāhīm Naṣr and ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ʿUmayrah. V vols. Beirut: Dār al-Jīl, 1416/1996.
  • Ibn Ḥazm, Abū Muḥammad ʿAlī ibn Aḥmad ibn Saʿīd. Jamharat ansāb al-ʿArab. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 2018.
  • Ibn Khaldūn, Walī al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad ibn Abī Bakr Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan. Tārīkh Ibn Khaldūn al-musammá Kitāb al-ʿIbar wa-dīwān al-mubtadaʾ wa-l-khabar fī tārīkh al-ʿArab wa-l-Barbar wa-man ʿāṣarahum min dhawī l-sulṭān al-akbar wa-huwa tarīkh waḥīd ʿaṣrih. Edited by Khalīl Shiḥādah. VIII vols. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1408/1988.
  • Ibn Mājah, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Yazīd al-Qazwīnī. Al-Sunan. Edited by Bashshār ʿAwwād Maʿrūf. 6 vols. Beirut: Dār al-Jīl, 1418/1998.
  • Ibn Manẓūr, Muḥammad ibn Mukarram ibn ʿAlī ibn Aḥmad ibn Manẓūr al-Anṣārī al-Ifrīqī al-Miṣrī al-Khazrajī. Lisān al-ʿArab. 15 vols. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1997.
  • Ilahiane, Hsain. Historical Dictionary of the Berbers (Imazighen). Lanham: Scarecrow Press, 2006.
  • ʿInān, Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh. Dawlat al-Islām fī l-Andalus: al-ʿaṣr al-awwal. Cairo: Maktabat al-Khānjī, 1411/1990.
  • Iskander, John. “Devout Heretics: The Barghawata in Maghribi Historiography.” The Journal of North African Studies, 12, no.1 (2007): 37-53. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629380601099484.
  • Khaṭṭāb, Maḥmūd Shīt. Qādat fatḥ al-Andalus. 2 vols. Damascus: Dār Manār li-l-Nashr wa-l-Tawzīʿ, 2003.
  • Lapidus, Ira M. Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
  • Laroui, Abdallah. The History of the Maghrib: An Interpretive Essay. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977.
  • Le Tourneau, Roger. “Barghawāṭa” In Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition. Edited by H. A. R. Gibb et al., Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960, I, 1043-1045.
  • Lévi-Provençal, Evariste “Abū ʿUbayd Al-Bakrī.” In Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition, edited by P. Bearman et al., Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1986, I, 155.
  • Loimeier, Roman. Muslim Societies in Africa: A Historical Anthropology. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2013.
  • MacDonald, D.B. “Mehdi.” In İslam Ansiklopedisi, Istanbul: Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı Yayınları, n.d., VII, 474-479.
  • Maddy-Weitzman, Bruce. The Berber Identity Movement and the Challenge to North Africa. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2011.
  • al-Maqarrī, Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Tilimsānī. Nafḥ al-ṭīb min ghuṣn al-Andalus al-raṭīb wa-dhikr wazīrihā Lisān al-Dīn ibn al-Khaṭīb. Edited by Iḥsān ʿAbbās. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1988.
  • al-Marrākushī, Abū l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿIdhārī. al-Bayān al-mughrib fī akhbār mulūk al-Andalus wa-l-Maghrib. Edited by Bashshār ʿAwwād Maʿrūf and Maḥmūd ibn ʿAwwād. Tunis: Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī, 2013.
  • Morony, Michael G. Iraq after the Muslim Conquest. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1984.
  • Muʾnis, Ḥusayn. Fajr al-Andalus: dirāsah fī tārīkh al-Andalus min al-faṭh al-Islāmī ilá qiyām al-dawlah al-Umawiyyah (711-756 M). Cairo: Dār al-Rashād, 2008.
  • al-Nāṣirī, Abū al-ʿAbbās Aḥmad ibn Khālid. Kitāb al-Istiqṣā li-akhbār duwal al-Maghrib al-aqṣá. Edited by Jaʿfar al-Nāṣirī. al-Dār al-Bayḍāʾ, Cairo: Dār al-Kitāb, 1954-1956.
  • al-Nīsābūrī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Bayyiʾ Muḥammad al-Hākim. al-Mustadrak ʿalá l-Ṣaḥīḥayn. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 1990.
  • Norris, Harry Thirwall. The Berbers in Arabic Literature. Essex: Longman, 1982.
  • Nuʿaym ibn Ḥammād, Abū ʿAbd Allāh al-Khuzāʿī al-Marwazī. Kitāb al-Fitan. Edited by Suhayl Zakkār. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1424/2003.
  • Peyron, Michael. The Berbers of Morocco: A History of Resistance. London: I.B. Tauris, 2021.
  • Sachedina, Abdulaziz. “Mahdī.” In Encyclopedia of Global Religion, edited by Mark Juergensmeyer, Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2012. II, 738.
  • al-Saṇʿānī, ʿAbd al-Razzāq ibn Hammām. al-Muṣannaf. Edited by Ḥabīb al-Raḥmān al-Aʿẓamī. 11 vols. Beirut: al-Maktab al-Islāmī, 1971–72.
  • Schechter, S. Some Aspects of Rabbinic Theology. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1909.
  • Schiffman, Lawrence H. “Messianism and Apocalypticism in Rabbinic Texts.” In The Cambridge History of Judaism, edited by Steven T. Katz, 1053-1072. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
  • al-Suyūṭī, Jalāl al-Dīn Abū l-Faḍl ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Abī Bakr. al-Ḥāwī li-l-fatāwá. 2 vols. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 2004.
  • Şeşen, Ramazan. “İbn Havkal.” In Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi (DİA), XX, 34-35.
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There are 58 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Religious Studies
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Muhammed Cihat Oruç 0000-0003-0425-2865

Project Number 2214-A Yurt Dışı Doktora Sırası Araştırma Burs Programı
Publication Date March 31, 2023
Submission Date July 30, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 13 Issue: 2

Cite

ISNAD Oruç, Muhammed Cihat. “The Barghawāṭian Mahdī and Prophet: An Evaluation of Ṣāliḥ Ibn Ṭarīf’s Claims”. Ilahiyat Studies 13/2 (March 2023), 181-205. https://doi.org/10.12730/is.1151156.

Cited By

İslâm Düşünce Tarihine Kaynaklık Değeri Bakımından Coğrafya Eserleri - İbn Havkal ve Makdisî Örneği -
Hitit İlahiyat Dergisi
https://doi.org/10.14395/hid.1416650
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