Abstract
Religions have tried to come up with a solution in accordance with their theological structure in all matters that concern human beings. One of these issues has undoubtedly been the problem of grounding the evil that has plagued people's minds throughout history. In dualistic Manicheanism, evil is accepted as a reality inherent in creation and manifesting itself in all dimensions of life. Evil is the result of eternal divinity, which takes place outside of human will and is ontologically opposed to goodness. In Manicheism, all cosmic events that occur at the macro and micro level are handled in the context of the eternal Two Principles. According to Mani, there are two ontologically ancient beings in the background of every event and phenomenon in the universe. Manichaeism, in this context, opposes the monotheist conception of god, which argues that everything comes from a single principle, with an absolute dualist doctrine. According to this theology, which found ground on the basis of opposition, human is at the center of good and evil. Evil is a reality that transcends man. However, even if man is the origin of evil in a bodily way, he has the ability to resist evil and eliminate it, since he has the spirit of the God of Light at his core. This article aims to analyze the strict dualist understanding of Manichaean religion regarding the concept of evil and evil's human life.
Keywords
References
- A. Hoeller, Stephan. Gnosticism: New Light on the Ancient Tradition of İnner Knowing. İndia: Quest Books, 2002.
- Alıcı, Mehmet. Işığın Elçisi Mani ve Gnostik Düşüncesi. İstanbul: Divan Kitap, 2018.
- Asmussen, J. P. “ĀZ”. Encyclopaedia Iranica. Erişim 14 Mart 2023. https://iranicaonline.org/articles/az-iranian-demon.
- Asmussen, J. P. Manichaean Literature: Representative Texts Chiefly from Middle Persian and Parthian Writings. New York: Scholars’ Facsimiles & Reprints, 1975.
- Asmussen, J. P. Xuāstvānīft: Studies in Manichaeism. Copenhagen: Prostant Apud Munksgaard, 1965.
- Âştiyânî, Seyyid Celâleddîn. Zertoşt: Mezdisna ve Hükümet. Tahran: Şirket-i Sihami, 1394 h.ş.
- Boyce, Mary. A Reader in Manichaean Middle Persian and Parthian: Texts with Notes: 9 (ActaIranica: Textes et Memoires). Leiden: Brill, 1975.
- Boyce,Mary. “Sadwēs and Pēsūs”. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 13/4 (1951), 908-915.
- Burkitt, F. Crawford. The Religion of the Manichees. London: Cambridge At The University Press, 1925.
- C. R. C. Allberry. A Manichaean Psalm-Book: Part II. Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer, 1938.
- Dhalla, Maneckjı Nusservanjı. Zoroastrian Theo logy: From the Earliest Times to the Present Day. New York, 1914.
- el-Kādî Ebi’l-Hasan Abdülcebbâr. el-Muğnî fi Ebvâbi’t-Tevhidve’l-Adl, el-Firak Ğayri İslāmiyye. ed.Mahmud Muhammed Kâsım, 1958.
- Esmailpour, Abolqasen, Manichaean Gnosis and Creation Myth. Philadelphia: Sino-Platonic Papers, 2005.
- Gardner, Iain& N. C. Lieu, Samuel. (ed.). Manichaean Texts From The Roman Empire. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
- Gardner, Iain. (ed.). The Kephalaia of the Teacher: The Edited Coptic Manichaean Texts in Translation with Commentary. çev. Iain Gardner. Leiden: Brill, 1995.
- Gardner, Iain. The Founder of Manichaeism: Rethin king the Life of Mani. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020.
- Greenlees, Duncan. The Gospel of the Prophet Mani. California: The Book Tree, 2007.
- Haug, Martin. Essays on the Sacred Language, Writings and Religion of the Parsis. ed. E. W. West. London: Trübner & Co. Ltd., 1907.
- Henning, W. B. (çev.). “The Book of the Giants”. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and AfricanStudies 11/1 (1943), 52-74.
- Irani, Dinshaw J. The Gathas: The Hymns of Zarathushtra. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1924.
- Jackson, A. V. Williams. “The Doctrine of Metempsychosis in Manichaeism”. Journal of the American Oriental Society 45 (1925), 246-268.
- Jackson, A. V. Williams. Researches in Manichaeism: With Special Reference to the Turfan Fragments. New York: Columbia University Press, 1932.
- Kutsal Kitap: Eski ve Yeni Antlaşma (Tevrat, Zebur, İncil). İstanbul: Kitabı Mukaddes Şirketi, 2001.
- Mac Kenzie, D. N. “Mani’s Šābuhragān II”. Bulletin of SOAS 43/2 (ts.), 288-310.
- Mac Kenzie, D. N. “Mani’s Šābuhragān”. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 42/3 (1979), 500-534.
- Mani. The Cologne Mani Codex: Concerningthe Origin of His Body. çev. Ron Cameron, Arthur J. Dewey. Montana: Scholars Press, 1979.
- Muhammed B. İshak en-Nedim. el-Fihrist. ed. Abdulkadir Coşkun. çev. Ramazan Şeşen. İstanbul: Türkiye Yazma Eserler Kurumu Başkanlığı, 2019.
- Muhammed eş-Şehristânî. Milel ve Nihal. çev. Muhammed Dalkılıç. İstanbul: Litera Yayıncılık, 2017.
- Müller, F. Max. (ed.). “The Bundahis, Selections of Zâd-Sparam, Bahman Yast, and Shâyast and Lâ Shâyast”. çev. E. W. West. The Sacred Books of the East. Pahlavi Texts, I. Oxford: At The Clarendon Press, 1880.
- Pettipiece, Timothy. “Theodore Bar Khonai’s Résumé of The Manichaean Myth (Annotated Translation)”. Pentadic Redaction in the Manichaean Kephalaia. Leiden: Brill, 2009.
- Tardieu, Michel. Manichaeism. çev. M. B. DeBevoise. Urbana and Chicago: University of İllinois Press, 2008.
- Widengren, Geo. Mani and Manihaeism. çev. Charles Kessler. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1965.
Abstract
Dinler, insanı ilgilendiren bütün konularda kendi teolojik yapılarına uygun bir çözüm getirmeye çalışmışlardır. Bu konulardan birisi de hiç şüphesiz tarih boyunca insanların zihnin kurcalayan kötülüğün temellendirilmesi problemi olmuştur. Düalist karakterli Manicilikte kötülük yaratılışın özünde var olan ve hayatın bütün boyutlarında kendini gösteren bir gerçeklik olarak kabul edilir. Kötülük, insan iradesi dışında cereyan eden ve ontolojik açıdan iyiliğin karşısında yer alan ezeli tanrısallığın doğurduğu bir sonuçtur. Manicilikte, makro ve mikro düzeyde tecelli eden bütün kozmik olaylar ezeli İki İlke bağlamında ele alınır. Mani’ye göre evrendeki her olay ve olgunun arka planında ontolojik açıdan kadim iki varlık vardır. Manicilik, bu bağlamda her şeyin tek ilkeden çıktığını savunan monoteist tanrı tasavvuruna karşı mutlak düalist bir öğreti ile karşı çıkmaktadır. Karşıtlık temelinde zemin bulmuş bu teolojiye göre iyilik ve kötülüğün merkezinde insan yer almaktadır. Kötülük, insanı aşan bir gerçekliktir. Ancak insan, cismani açıdan kötülüğün menşei olsa bile özünde Işık Tanrısı’nın ruhuna sahip olduğundan kötülüğe karşı koyma ve onu bertaraf etme yeteneği vardır. Bu makale, Mani dininin kötülük kavramına ve kötülüğün insan yaşamına ilişkin katı düalist anlayışını çözümlemeyi amaç edinmektedir.
References
- A. Hoeller, Stephan. Gnosticism: New Light on the Ancient Tradition of İnner Knowing. İndia: Quest Books, 2002.
- Alıcı, Mehmet. Işığın Elçisi Mani ve Gnostik Düşüncesi. İstanbul: Divan Kitap, 2018.
- Asmussen, J. P. “ĀZ”. Encyclopaedia Iranica. Erişim 14 Mart 2023. https://iranicaonline.org/articles/az-iranian-demon.
- Asmussen, J. P. Manichaean Literature: Representative Texts Chiefly from Middle Persian and Parthian Writings. New York: Scholars’ Facsimiles & Reprints, 1975.
- Asmussen, J. P. Xuāstvānīft: Studies in Manichaeism. Copenhagen: Prostant Apud Munksgaard, 1965.
- Âştiyânî, Seyyid Celâleddîn. Zertoşt: Mezdisna ve Hükümet. Tahran: Şirket-i Sihami, 1394 h.ş.
- Boyce, Mary. A Reader in Manichaean Middle Persian and Parthian: Texts with Notes: 9 (ActaIranica: Textes et Memoires). Leiden: Brill, 1975.
- Boyce,Mary. “Sadwēs and Pēsūs”. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 13/4 (1951), 908-915.
- Burkitt, F. Crawford. The Religion of the Manichees. London: Cambridge At The University Press, 1925.
- C. R. C. Allberry. A Manichaean Psalm-Book: Part II. Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer, 1938.
- Dhalla, Maneckjı Nusservanjı. Zoroastrian Theo logy: From the Earliest Times to the Present Day. New York, 1914.
- el-Kādî Ebi’l-Hasan Abdülcebbâr. el-Muğnî fi Ebvâbi’t-Tevhidve’l-Adl, el-Firak Ğayri İslāmiyye. ed.Mahmud Muhammed Kâsım, 1958.
- Esmailpour, Abolqasen, Manichaean Gnosis and Creation Myth. Philadelphia: Sino-Platonic Papers, 2005.
- Gardner, Iain& N. C. Lieu, Samuel. (ed.). Manichaean Texts From The Roman Empire. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
- Gardner, Iain. (ed.). The Kephalaia of the Teacher: The Edited Coptic Manichaean Texts in Translation with Commentary. çev. Iain Gardner. Leiden: Brill, 1995.
- Gardner, Iain. The Founder of Manichaeism: Rethin king the Life of Mani. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020.
- Greenlees, Duncan. The Gospel of the Prophet Mani. California: The Book Tree, 2007.
- Haug, Martin. Essays on the Sacred Language, Writings and Religion of the Parsis. ed. E. W. West. London: Trübner & Co. Ltd., 1907.
- Henning, W. B. (çev.). “The Book of the Giants”. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and AfricanStudies 11/1 (1943), 52-74.
- Irani, Dinshaw J. The Gathas: The Hymns of Zarathushtra. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1924.
- Jackson, A. V. Williams. “The Doctrine of Metempsychosis in Manichaeism”. Journal of the American Oriental Society 45 (1925), 246-268.
- Jackson, A. V. Williams. Researches in Manichaeism: With Special Reference to the Turfan Fragments. New York: Columbia University Press, 1932.
- Kutsal Kitap: Eski ve Yeni Antlaşma (Tevrat, Zebur, İncil). İstanbul: Kitabı Mukaddes Şirketi, 2001.
- Mac Kenzie, D. N. “Mani’s Šābuhragān II”. Bulletin of SOAS 43/2 (ts.), 288-310.
- Mac Kenzie, D. N. “Mani’s Šābuhragān”. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 42/3 (1979), 500-534.
- Mani. The Cologne Mani Codex: Concerningthe Origin of His Body. çev. Ron Cameron, Arthur J. Dewey. Montana: Scholars Press, 1979.
- Muhammed B. İshak en-Nedim. el-Fihrist. ed. Abdulkadir Coşkun. çev. Ramazan Şeşen. İstanbul: Türkiye Yazma Eserler Kurumu Başkanlığı, 2019.
- Muhammed eş-Şehristânî. Milel ve Nihal. çev. Muhammed Dalkılıç. İstanbul: Litera Yayıncılık, 2017.
- Müller, F. Max. (ed.). “The Bundahis, Selections of Zâd-Sparam, Bahman Yast, and Shâyast and Lâ Shâyast”. çev. E. W. West. The Sacred Books of the East. Pahlavi Texts, I. Oxford: At The Clarendon Press, 1880.
- Pettipiece, Timothy. “Theodore Bar Khonai’s Résumé of The Manichaean Myth (Annotated Translation)”. Pentadic Redaction in the Manichaean Kephalaia. Leiden: Brill, 2009.
- Tardieu, Michel. Manichaeism. çev. M. B. DeBevoise. Urbana and Chicago: University of İllinois Press, 2008.
- Widengren, Geo. Mani and Manihaeism. çev. Charles Kessler. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1965.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Religion, Society and Culture Studies |
| Journal Section | Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | June 14, 2023 |
| Submission Date | May 8, 2023 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2023 Volume: 3 Issue: 5 |
Journal of Religion and Human
It is an international scientific and peer-reviewed journal that has been operating since 2021 within the Faculty of Divinity of Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University.
It is published twice a year (June-December).